8.Puntuaction

Question 1

Punctuation?

Answer 1

1-clarifies structure
2-clarifies mining
3-exists for emphasis, focus, purpose, pace and rhythm
4-should seem natural, and go unnoticed.
5-consistency is crucial

Question 2

categories

Answer 2

1-stoppers: full stop or period, comma.
2-linkers: semicolon, colon, dash
3-intruders: comma pair, dash pair, bracket pair
4-intoners: exclamation and question marks.

Question 3

other marks

Answer 3

apostrophes
hyphens
quotation marks
slash
ellipsis

Question 4

Full stops / periods

Answer 4

End of sentences. Also make certain abbreviations.

Question 5

commas

Answer 5

1-after an introductory sentence element: However hard I try, I still can’t get everything right..
2-To prevent over-reading: the trip had been fun for her frame of mind was always good heading off for a holiday. (!!!! you should add a , after fun)
3-To separate main clauses-the comma FANBOYS: the steering was stiff, but the car cruised like a dream.
4-To substitute “and”: the shiny, silver coin
5-To set off non-essential information: our car, a red sedan, won. (a red sedan wasn’t essential info)
6-The Oxford/Hardvard/serial comma; in a list of more than three elements: Jane bought books, coffee, and milk.
7- NEVER put a comma between a subject and its verb, unless you insert other words.

Question 6

SEMICOLONS

Answer 6

1-Separate closely-related independent clauses

Question 7

COLONS ANNOUNCE

Answer 7

1-an explanation
2-a clarification
3-an interpretation
4-an amplification
5-an illustration
6-a list
7-a quote

Question 8

DASHES

Answer 8

Two kind of dashes:
1) em dash (–) the longest!
Example: Mild sweetness, creamy centre, made in Belgium–my criteria for confectionery are steep.
2) en dash (-) for dates 1950-2014

Question 9

COMMA PAIR

Answer 9

Can be used in place of parentheses

Question 10

PAIR OF EM DASHES

Answer 10

Can be used in place of parentheses (without space!)

Question 11

PARENTHESES OR ROUND BRACKETS

Answer 11

-are used to insert information into a sentence

Question 12

SQUARE BRACKETS []

Answer 12

Add info in a quoted sentence

Question 13

EXCLAMATION MARK

Answer 13

Surprise! no place in formal writing

Question 14

QUESTION MARK

Answer 14

Only for questions…

Question 15

APOSTROPHES

Answer 15

1-used to form contractions to form possessive case (Tom’s ball)
2-NEVER use an apostrophe to make a plural!!!!
3-NEVER use an apostrophe in a possessive pronoun (ours, yours, hers, theirs, its, his)
4-Contractions like It is a cake = It’s a cake.
5-!! plurals possessive: The soldiers’ uniforms. But…the children’s books.

Question 16

HYPHENS

Answer 16

-Use for compound expressions: A man eating crocodile isn’t the same that A man-eating crocodile!!!.

Question 17

QUOTATION MARKS

Answer 17

To denote parts of a whole texts. USE italics for whole texts.
Examples:
A novel is entitled (italics) The zone of interest.
Chapter two is called ‘To business’

Question 18

SLASH

Answer 18

Choice between words (or). Also break in a line of poetry.