8D Organisms Flashcards
What causes us to breathe in and out?
The brain controls movements in the chest.
Describe what occurs to the diaphragm during inhalation.
Contracts and flattens
Describe what occurs to the diaphragm during exhalation.
Relaxes and moves up
Describe what happens to pressure in the chest cavity during inhalation.
Pressure decreases
Describe what happens to pressure in the chest cavity during exhalation.
Pressure increases
What does the bell jar model represent?
The breathing system of an animal
Identify what the rubber sheet represents in the bell jar model.
The diaphragm
Describe what happens to the balloon in the bell jar model when the rubber sheet is stretched.
The balloon inflates
Define the term vital capacity/ lung volume.
The amount of air you can breathe out in a single breath
Name 2 ways of measuring lung volume
Blowing air into an upturned basin of water and Lung volume bags
Define the term independent variable.
The variable that we change.
Identify the students’ dependent variable in their investigation.
The vital capacity
What are the control variables in the student’s investigation?
Same age of pupils, same type of lung volume bags.
What is a hypothesis?
An idea of the outcome of an experiment
Describe the trend shown in investigation 2.
As height increases lung volume increased
Identify the height and lung capacity of the smallest adult male from investigation 2.
110cm height 1 litre lung capacity
Define the term vital capacity/ lung volume.
The amount of air you can breathe out in a single breath
Name 2 ways of measuring lung volume
Blowing air into an upturned basin of water and Lung volume bags
Define the term independent variable.
The variable that we change.
Identify the students’ dependent variable in their investigation.
The vital capacity
What are the control variables in the student’s investigation?
Same age of pupils, same type of lung volume bags.
What is a hypothesis?
An idea of the outcome of an experiment
Describe the trend shown in investigation 2.
As height increases lung volume increased
Identify the height and lung capacity of the smallest adult male from investigation 2.
110cm height 1 litre lung capacity
Name the gas that animals require for respiration.
Oxygen
Name the waste gas produced by respiration.
Carbon dioxide
Where does respiration take place?
In body cells
How do gases move through the alveoli and capillary walls?
Diffusion
Why are the alveoli moist?
To dissolve the gases
Why do the alveoli have a bumpy surface?
To increase the surface area
Define respiration.
A chemical reaction that takes place in body cells.
Define breathing.
The physical process of getting gases into and out of the body.
Describe 1 effect of regular exercise on our bodies.
Lung volume increases, intercostal muscles strengthen, number and size of blood capillaries increase.
What can cause asthma?
Inheritance, being born prematurely or being exposed to smoke as a young child.
Name 3 chemicals found in cigarettes.
Tar, Nicotine, carbon monoxide.
What are cilia?
Tiny hairs in bronchioles.
What causes a ‘smoker’s cough’?
When the cilia et stuck together by tar, so dirt enters the lungs.
Why might someone need a lung transplant?
If they have severe lung damage.
Define the term non-communicable disease.
Can not be passed from person to person.
Give an example of a communicable disease.
Can be passed from person to person.
Define the term bias.
Promoting a certain viewpoint
Which disease is strongly associated with smoking cigarettes?
Lung cancer
Why is it dangerous for a pregnant woman to smoke?
It can affect the foetus
What is second hand smoke?
Breathing in smoke from someone else who is smoking
Why did it take so long for scientists theories about smoking to be recognised?
Smoking was so common
Name the 2 types of carbohydrates.
Starches and sugars
Which food groups gives us energy?
Carbohydrates and lipids
What is the function of protein in our diet?
Growth and repair of cells and tissue
Why do we need energy in our bodies?
For movement and life processes
What types of food contain a lot of vitamins and minerals?
Fresh fruit and vegetables
What is the importance of vitamin C in our diet?
Repair of the skin
Why is fibre important?
Keeps the large intestine working correctly
What is energy measured in?
Kilojoules (kJ) or Calories (kcal)
What does the term BMI stand for?
Body mass index
How is our BMI calculated?
Measuring the height and weight of an individual.
Name 2 physical problems that obesity can cause.
Pain in the joints, heart disease, high blood pressure and difficulties breathing.
Name 2 physical problems that starvation can cause.
Severe weight loss, muscle loss, dry skin and hair, infertility and fatigue.
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin C
What is the function of vitamin D?
Helps calcium absorb into bones and strengthens them
What is iron used for in the body?
To make red blood cells.
How can scurvy be treated?
Eating foods containing vitamin C.
What is starch digested in to?
Glucose
What is respiration?
A chemical reaction that releases energy from food.
Where does the process of digestion start?
The mouth
Where does digested food get absorbed into the blood?
The small intestine
Give the name of the special chemical in saliva.
Enzymes
What is the function of stomach acid?
To destroy any microorganisms that reach the stomach.
What is emulsification?
Lipids being broken down.
What is the function of the large intestine?
To absorb excess water into the blood
What are the two main components to digestion?
Chemical and physical
What is the function of enzymes?
To break down different types of food
Which enzymes digest proteins?
Protease
What is the function of lipase?
To break down lipids
What are lipids broken down into?
Fatty acids and glycerol
What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down starch?
Amylase
What does the term denature mean?
The enzymes change shape
What is the active site in an enzyme?
The area where the food molecule fits in to
Name the four different types of teeth humans have.
Molars, Premolars, Incisors and Canines.
What is the function of saliva?
Lubricates food and contains enzymes.
How does food get from the mouth to the stomach?
The oesophagus.
Which substances are produced by the stomach?
Stomach acid.
What is the function of the pancreas?
Secretes enzymes.
What is bile?
An alkaline substance that emulsifies fats
How does food get from the small intestine into the blood?
Diffuses through the walls of the small intestine.
What gives the small intestine a large surface area?
Villi and micro-villi
