8.5 - Gas exchange and transport (Animals)

Question 1

Gas Exchange

Answer 1

The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases at cells and tissues through the process of diffusion

Question 2

Diffusion

Answer 2

The passive transport of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Question 3

Concentration Gradient

Answer 3

A difference in the concentration of particles between different sides of a membrane

Question 4

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 4

The release of ATP from organic compounds (food) which occurs in cells using oxgen

Question 5

Trachea

Answer 5

The windpipe, the intersection between the lungs

Question 6

Bronchus

Answer 6

Stem from the trachea and branch off into bronchioles

Question 7

Bronchioles

Answer 7

Branching bronchioles connect to many alveoli

Question 8

Alveolus / Alveoli

Answer 8

The alveoli are the site of gas exchange and secrete a surfactant which prevents the walls of the alveoli from adhering to each other, also providing a moist surface for gas exchange

Question 9

Lungs

Answer 9

Allow for the exchange of oxygen from the air into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the air

Question 10

Gills

Answer 10

Are the respiratory organs of fish which are adapted for rapid gas exchange of gases through having a large surface area, a continuous supply of blood flowing through the, water moving continually through the gills

Question 11

Surfactant

Answer 11

Amphiphilic compounds secreted by the cells of the alveoli, preventing the walls of the alveoli from adhering to each other and providing a moist surface for gas exchange

Question 12

Ventilation

Answer 12

The movement of air in and out of the alveoli in the lungs, facilitating gas exchange. Ventilation is breathing and is not respiration

Question 13

Inspiration

Answer 13

Breathing in: Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, external intercostal muscles contract moving the rib cage up and out, the volume of the thorax increases decreasing the pressure in the lungs. Air passively moves from the surrounding air where there is high pressure into the lungs where there is low pressure

Question 14

Expiration

Answer 14

Breathing out: Abdominal muscles contract and push diaphragm upwards, external intercostal muscles relax and the internal intercostal muscles contract moving the ribcage downwards and inwards, the volume in the thorax decreases, the pressure in the lungs increases, high pressure in the lungs moves air out and into the surrounding area where the pressure is lower

Question 15

Diaphragm

Answer 15

The major muscle of respiration located below the lungs

Question 16

Thorax

Answer 16

The chest which is made up of the ribcage that houses the lungs and heart

Question 17

External Intercostal Muscles

Answer 17

Contract in inspiration, relax in expiration

Question 18

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Answer 18

Contract in expiration

Question 19

Abdominal Muscle

Answer 19

Contract and push the diaphragm upwards during expiration

Question 20

Tidal Volume

Answer 20

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs in a normal breath

Question 21

Inspiratory Reserve

Answer 21

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort

Question 22

Expiratory Reserve

Answer 22

The additional volume of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort

Question 23

Vital Capacity

Answer 23

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after the deepest possible breath. (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve

Question 24

Spirometer

Answer 24

Are instruments used to measure the air capacity of the lungs. They can determine, tidal volume, expiratory and inspiratory reserves and vital capacity

Question 25

Capillary

Answer 25

Small blood vessels which connect arteries to veins. The function of the capillaries is to exchange materials between the blood cells which is why the alveoli is surrounded by them

Question 26

Artery

Answer 26

Transport blood Away from the heart, have a relatively thick wall and therefore narrow lumen

Question 27

Vein

Answer 27

Transport blood to the heart, have a relatively thin wall and therefore wide lumen

Question 28

Lumen

Answer 28

The lining of the veins and arteries with smooth endothelial cells, reducing friction as blood flows

Question 29

Pulse

Answer 29

Is caused by the beating of the heart. Pulse rate = number of beats per unit time

Question 30

Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 30

The occlusion (blockage) of the coronary arteries which can lead to the death of the heart tissue as its coronary arteries cannot supply it with oxygen which can lead to heart attacks

Question 31

Atherosclerosis

Answer 31

The hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to the build of cholesterol, triglycerides and other substances on artery walls