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PHARMACOLOGY > 8.4 Pharmacological Profiles > Flashcards

8.4 Pharmacological Profiles Flashcards

1
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics

A

dose-dependent depression of the CNS
barbiturates, benzodiazepine, melatonin agonists
anti convulsive properties, depress the sensory cortex, decrease motor activity
used as a sedative
abuse potential

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2
Q

Antianxiety Drugs

A 
benzodiazepines (short term only)
Non-benzodiazepines 
generalized CNS depression 
physical and psychological dependence 
act on brain's dopamine and serotonin receptors 
never discontinue abruptly
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3
Q

Examples of Antianxiety

A

alprazolam : Xanax

diazepam: Valium
lorazepam: Ativan

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4
Q

Antidepressants

A

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor/ Antagonist
Dopamine/Norepinephrine-Reuptake Inhibitor

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5
Q

Actions of antidepressants

A

TCAs: increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting their reuptake
MAOI: inhibits monoamine oxidase resulting in increased endogenous neuro-hormones
SSRI: increase serotonin by inhibiting neuronal uptake to CNS.

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6
Q

Adverse effects of antidepressants

A

TCAs: dry mouth, blurred vision, hypotension
MAOI: food interactions, med interactions, vertigo, nausea, constipation
SSRI: nausea, vomiting, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, weight gain

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7
Q

Contraindications of Antidepressants

A

TCAs: cannot take within 14 days of MAOIs
MAOI: can cause serotonin syndrome, CVA disease, hypertension, CHF, and elderly. many meds interactions
SSRI: fluoxetine is less effective in patients who smoke

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8
Q

Examples of antidepressants

A 
MAOI: Nardil 
SRIA: trazodone 
SNRI: venlafaxine, duloxetine
DNRI: Buproprion (Wellbutrin) 
SSRI:
Citalopram : celexa 
fluoxetine : prozac
sertraline : zoloft 
paroxentine : paxil
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9
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

block dopamine receptors in the brain
tx of acute and chronic psychoses
chlorpromazine is used for intractable hiccups

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10
Q

Examples of Antipsychotics

A

Haloperidol : Haldol (1st gen)
Prochlorperazine : Compazine (1st gen)
Quetiapine : Seroquel (2nd gen)
Olanzapine : Zyprexa (2nd gen)

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11
Q

CNS Stimulants

A

Amphetamines and Anorexiants

CNS stimulation by increasing levels of neurotransmitter in CNS

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12
Q

Examples of CNS Stimulants

A

amphetamines
methylphenidate : concerta
dextroamphetamine : adderall

anorexiants
phentermine : ionamin

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13
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

reduction of excitability of the neurons of the brain
it is not uncommon for pts to require more than one anticonvulsant
Steven Johnson (emergency) - skin rash, exfoliative and bullous
Pregnancy cat D

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14
Q

Examples of anticonvulsants

A 
diazepam : valium 
lorazepam : ativan
midazolam : versed 
clonazepam : klonopin 
phenytoin : dilatin 
ethosuximide : zarontin 
valproic acid : depakote
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15
Q

anti-emetics

A

phenothiazines act on the chemoreceptor trigger zone to inhibit nausea and vomiting
ondansetron blocks serotonin at 5-HT3 receptor sites
depressing sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear

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16
Q

Examples of anti-emetics

A 
phenothiazines
-prochlorperazine : compazine
- chlorpromazine : thorazine 
metoclopramide : reglan 
ondansetron : zofran
prochlorperazine : compazine 
promethazine : phenergan
17
Q

examples of antivertigo

A

meclizine : antivert
diphenhydramine : benadryl
benzodiazepines : ativan, valium

18
Q

action of anesthetic

A

removes feeling or sensation

analgesic alleviates or relieves the pain from a patient

19
Q

action of local anesthetics

A

inhibiting transport of ions across neuronal membranes thereby preventing initiation and conduction of normal nerve impulses

20
Q

ketamine actions

A

general anesthetic

dissociated from the surrounding

21
Q

adverse reaction to ketamine

A

ischemic heart disease, sympathomimetic effects

22
Q

doses of ketamine

A

10-20mg IV

20-40mg IM

23
Q

examples of anesthetics

A 
lidocaine
bupivacaine 
ketamine 
propofol
etomidate
24
Q

classes of analgesics

A

salicylate
non salicylate
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
urinary analgesics

25
Q

salicylates

A

action - inhibition of prostaglandins
use - mild to moderate pain/ reduce body temp / prevention of blood clots
adverse - gastric upset, GI bleeds, reyes syndrome
examples - aspirin

26
Q

non-salicylate

A

action - analgesic & antipyretic
use - mild to moderate px, reduce body temp, arthritis
examples - acetaminophen
benzocaine-menthol

27
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

A

action - inhibit the action of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX 1 - non selective, COX 2 selective)
use - arthritis, pain, fever reduction, dysmenorrhea
AE - GI bleeds
contraindications - COX 2 allergy to sulfonamides / ibuprofen GI bleeds, hypertension, peptic ulcer
examples - ketorolac, celecoxib meloxicam

28
Q

narcotic analgesics

A

action - opioids bind to opiate receptors in the CNS, alterations to perception of and response to pain
contraindications - increased ICP, hypoxia, hepatic impairment
examples - codeine, fentanyl, methadone, morphine sulfate, oxycodone, hydrocodone

29
Q

narcotic antagonist

A

action - competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors
example - naloxone (Narcan)

30
Q

antihistamine actions

A

H1 - antihistamines work by binding to histamine H1 receptors in mast cells, smooth muscles and endothelium
they suppress the histamine induced wheal response(swelling) and flare response (vasodilation)

31
Q

uses of H1 antihistamines

A

allergic reactions, motion sickness and vertigo

32
Q

1st generation antihistamines

A

diphenhydramine
hydroxyzine
promethazine

33
Q

2nd generation antihistamines

A

cetirizine HCL
fexofenadine
loratadine

34
Q

Decongestants do what?

A

reduce swelling of nasal passages

enhance drainage of sinuses

35
Q

action of decongestants

A

enhancing norepinephrine and epinephrine

36
Q

examples of decongestants

A

oxymetazoline HCL
pseudoephedrine
phenylephrine

37
Q

beta 2 agonists

A

increase the levels of endogenous catec

PHARMACOLOGY (4 decks)

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