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Society & Culture > 8.4 Content: Personal & Social Identity > Flashcards

8.4 Content: Personal & Social Identity Flashcards

1
Q

what are responsibilities?

A

the opportunity/ability to act independently and make decisions without authorisation

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2
Q

what are roles?

A

function assumed or part played by a person/thing in a situation

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3
Q

what is kinship?

A

blood-related – sharing of characteristics or origins

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4
Q

what is self-concept?

A

the idea you have of yourself → having a sense of self, recognition that you are entity made up of various parts.

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5
Q

what is self-concept made up of?

A

self-image, self-awareness, self-esteem & ideal self

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6
Q

what is self-image?

A

how we see ourselves

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7
Q

what is self-awareness?

A

knowledge of self

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8
Q

what is self-esteem?

A

how we see ourselves, positive or negative. do we like who we are?

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9
Q

what is the ideal self?

A

the person we would like to be.

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10
Q

according to Neill 2005, what is the definition of self-concept?

A

an overarching idea we have about who we are – physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, and in terms of any other aspects that make up who we are.

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11
Q

what is the overarching self-concept theory (combination of a multitude of different ideas)?

A

it is multi-dimensional, and learnt, not inherent (nature v nurture), influenced by biological, environmental, and social factors and interactions

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12
Q

in what state does Carl Rogers (humanistic psychologist) believe that a person should be in to achieve self-actualisation?

A

a state of congruence, meaning that self-image and ideal self overlap.

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13
Q

what is personality?

A

the identity we portray to the world – our lived experiences of our identity, and the expression or act of our identity

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14
Q

what is our personality a reflection of (according to Carl Rogers)?

A

Carl Rogers believes it is a reflection of our self-concept and our efforts to reach self-actualisation.

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15
Q

what is our personal or individual identity?

A

that which is perceived to make us different to others, especially in individualistic societies.

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16
Q

what is our social or collective identity?

A

the way in which we see ourselves as having commonality with others, associated with social roles and achieved status, is complex and fluid.

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17
Q

how has the hybridity of identity been enhanced?

A

enhanced by globalisation and the movement of cultures around the world.

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18
Q

what is family as an agent of socialisation?

A

the 1st agent of socialisation, socially constructed, may or may not be limited to blood relatives, teaches children what he/she need to know, and how to behave, relate to others, and how the world works

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19
Q

what are peer groups as an agent of socialisation?

A

made up of people of a similar age with similar interests, important as individuals grow and develop a separate identity from parents, provide adolescents first major socialisation experience

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20
Q

what is school as an agent of socialisation?

A

socialises children into certain behaviours (e.g. teamwork, schedule following, etc.), school & classroom rituals regularly reinforce society’s expectations of children

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21
Q

what is work as an agent of socialisation?

A

require material culture and nonmaterial culture

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22
Q

what is religion as an agent of socialisation?

A

teach participants how to interact with the religion’s material culture

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23
Q

what is the government as an agent of socialisation?

A

rites of passage based on age norms established by the government

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24
Q

what is race?

A

a social construction, the members of which are treated as different on the basis of certain characteristics that have been assigned a social value by others - e.g. skin colour, etc.

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25
what is an ethnic group?
a group of people that has a shared cultural experience
26
what is ethnicity?
an individual's identification/belonging to an ethnic group based on perceived common origins that people share that mark them as different from others.
27
why were gender roles formed?
as a way for society to characterise differences between males and females -- over time, have strayed away from the traditional idea.
28
what is androgyny?
the display of both masculine and feminine behaviour
29
what is gender dysphoria?
a mismatch between biological sex and gender identity
30
what is the nature v nurture debate?
the arguments concerning whether psychological characteristics are biologically innate or acquired through education, experience, and culture
31
what is nature?
the influence of our inherited characteristics (genetics, physical appearance, biology) on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
32
what is nurture?
the influence of the environment, upbringing, and social influences on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
33
what is adolescence?
a period of time in a person's life, representing the transition from childhood to adulthood -- socially constructed, may vary between different societies and cultures
34
what has an impact on an individual's experience of adolescence and their socially constructed behaviours?
law, gender/gender roles, and belonging/acceptance in social groups
35
what did child psychoanalyst Erik Erikson (1902-1994) develop theories of and what did they revolve around?
emotional and social development → revolved around the fact that a person's identity is linked to their environment.
36
according to Erikson, the environment in which a person lives is crucial to what?
providing growth, adjustment, self-awareness, and identity.
37
what are the 7 stages of social development according to Erikson?
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (ages 0 - 2); Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (ages 2 - 4); Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 4 - 5); Industry vs. Inferiority (ages 5 - 12); Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13 - 19); Intimacy vs. Isolation (ages 20 - 40); Generativity vs. Stagnation (ages 40 - 65); Ego Integrity vs. Despair (ages 65 - death)
38
what is Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (ages 0 - 2)?
if you trust someone initially (at birth), you can trust them, and others, in the future but if you encounter something that evokes fear, you develop doubt and mistrust
39
what is Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (ages 2 - 4)?
you start to discover your body and yourself, developing self-confidence, or shame and self-doubt.
40
what is Initiative vs. Guilt (ages 4 - 5)?
if our interests are encouraged, we follow them, but if we are held back we can develop guilt → sees an increase in developing gender stereotypes, altering one's identity and interests
41
what is Industry vs. Inferiority (ages 5 - 12)?
adolescents start to discover their own interests, separate from those of their peers and friends. positive recognition = hard-working; negative feedback = feeling inferior & loss of motivation
42
what is Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13 - 19)?
people are often pushed to conform/differ from stereotypical hobbies, jobs, and interests, shaping their identities, and making them question who they are.
43
what is Intimacy vs. Isolation (ages 20 - 40)?
we slowly understand who we are and we start to let go of the relationships we had built earlier in order to fit in.
44
what is Generativity vs. Stagnation (ages 40 - 65)?
if we believe we can lead the next generation in the world, we are happy. if not (i.e. didn't resolve some conflicts earlier), we can become pessimistic and experience stagnation
45
what is Ego Integrity vs. Despair (ages 65 - death)?
we grow older & begin to look back over our lives → if done well, we develop feelings of contentment. if not, we can experience despair and become grumpy and bitter.
46
what did Jean Piaget (1896-1980) create theories on?
theories on intellectual development (thinking skills) by observing & recording the intellectual abilities of infants, children, and adolescents.
47
what did Jean Piaget find?
that the human brain is not fully developed until late adolescence, or in the case of males, sometimes early adulthood
48
what was the conclusion of Piaget's findings?
children don't think like adults.
49
what were the four major states of Piaget's theories?
sensorimotor (0-2 years); preoperational (2-7 years); concrete operational (7-11 years); formal operational (11-15 years, then into adulthood)
50
what did Piaget propose?
that intellectual development stages relate to developments in brain groups
51
what did Abraham Maslow develop theories that focused on?
theories that focused on human development and the factors that led to happiness, contentment, and self-awareness
52
what two groups did Maslow's theory establish a hierarchy of needs based on?
deficiency needs; growth needs
53
what did Maslow believe humans were motivated by?
humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and certain lower needs should be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied
54
what did Abraham Maslow define as self-fulfilment needs?
self-actualisation: achieving one's full potential, including creative activities
55
what did Abraham Maslow define as psychological needs?
esteem needs: prestige and feelings of accomplishment; and belongingness & love needs: intimate relationships, friends
56
what did Abraham Maslow define as basic needs?
safety needs: security, safety; physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest
57
what are rights (within personal & social identity)?
the social, civil, and political rights according to individuals (e.g. fundamental human rights)
58
what are responsibilities (within personal & social identity)?
obligations -- things that is the individual's duty to deal with, or ways in which they are expected to behave within society.
59
what do theories about generations try to explain?
how persons who were born in the same time/era are shaped by the same social and cultural context
60
what are the two theories about generations, and who are they by?
the Theory of Generation by Karl Mannheim, and the Generational Theory, by William Strauss and Neil Howe
61
what was the purpose of the Theory of Generation by Karl Mannheim?
sought to navigate the human mind -- ideology and utopian thought
62
what did Mannheim define generations as?
any group of individuals of similar ages whose members have experienced a noteworthy historical event within a set time period.
63
what significantly influences social consciousness (how people think and feel) and perspective of youth reaching maturity in a particular time and place (generational location)?
the major historical events of that era
64
what did the Generational Theory by William Strauss and Neil Howe build on?
the work of Mannheim
65
what did Strauss and Howe theorise in the Generational Theory?
theorised that there are four eras of generational characteristics that emerge and re-emerge through time in a cycle
66
what did Strauss and Howe describe the cycle as?
as each generation ages into the next life, society's mood and behaviour fundamentally change.

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