Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Society & Culture > 8.4 Content: Intercultural Communication > Flashcards

8.4 Content: Intercultural Communication Flashcards

1
Q

what is communication?

A

the process of how individuals and groups create, exchange, and share ideas, information, opinions, facts, feelings, experiences, and attitudes between a sender and receiver, both verbally and non-verbally through different mediums within a social context.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is communication important?

A

so that people can connect on different levels, allowing for one to express emotions and feelings that may not be seen on the outside, allowing for a different and deeper level of understanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is intercultural communication?

A

communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does intercultural communication involve?

A

understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from different locations and societies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does intercultural exchange involve?

A

individuals are able to explore the customs, values, and broader cultural heritage of other societies & cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is human communication?

A

a social interaction process, and an essential part of our daily life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the process of human communication?

A

a process of creating, exchanging, sharing ideas, information, opinions, facts, feelings, experiences, and attitudes between a sender and a receiver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are non-verbal language barriers the root cause of?

A

many problems or obstacles in health care, negotiation, politics and business, and education.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

according to Stuart Hall’s ‘The Theory of Communications 1973’, what is the communication process?

A

there is a sender of a message → the sender encodes the message → the message is sent/transmitted through a medium → the intended receiver decodes the message using their knowledge of language and personal experience → the receiver then encodes a return message → sent through a medium → decoded by the original sender → the process repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

communication is fundamental to the existence and survival of individuals, groups, societies, and nations. simultaneously, what does communication do?

A

acts as a destroyer of bridges of human relations, because it separates people from each other – language continues to remain a barrier to conveying our messages to people in the globalisation and communication era.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name and describe the two types of communication.

A

verbal (spoken/written), or non-verbal (sign, body language, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does non-verbal communication rely on, which makes it prone to misunderstandings and misinterpretations?

A

relies on context, cultural norms, and individual perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are three strategies for overcoming, reducing, or limiting non-verbal barriers?

A

be patient with people of a different culture; develop an awareness of your own non-verbal communication patterns that might be insulting in certain cultures; have an understanding of how the message may impact the feelings of the receiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does effective communication involve at each stage in the communication process?

A

involves minimising potential misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

does our culture determine the different ways we communicate?

A

yes, the mediums and modes we choose to use for transmitting messages vary depending on cultural background, societal norms and traditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the six main forms of non-verbal communication?

A

tone of voice, posture, hand gestures, facial expressions, use of space, and full body movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is cultural transmission?

A

how groups of people within a society learn and pass on new information. groups do this through communicating, which is why it is important to understand how communication takes place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when we look at the ‘iceberg of culture’ why are the most obvious parts of culture exposed?

A

these cultural elements are apparent through our macro understanding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

according to Albert Mehrabian, what percentage of our communications are through spoken words, through body language, or through voice & tone?

A

7% spoken words, 38% voice & tone, 55% body language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when equipped with intercultural understanding and social literacy, what can we uncover?

A

we can uncover the elements of a culture that are hidden beneath the surface, such as communications styles & rules, and different notions, concepts, attitudes, and approaches of different cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is verbal communication?

A

the noise we make with our voice when communicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when is verbal communication most effective?

A

when the sender and receiver are both calm and focused, which is then aided by basic manners and etiquette

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the two parts of verbal communication & what do they entail?

A

‘text’ – the words themselves;

vocal paralanguage – tone, pitch, volume, accent, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

points of difference in our voice help to encode and decode a message. what do we, as individuals, rely on to provide more details about the sender?

A

we rely on individual nuances to give more details about the sender than we get from the direct message

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
why is clarity of speech the most important factor in verbal communication?
a lack of clarity may result in a misinterpreted message.
26
what is non-verbal communication?
entails using cues via body language to convey messages
27
true or false? non-verbal communication can be conscious or subconscious.
TRUE
28
what are the four main forms of non-verbal communication?
facial expressions, body gestures, eye contact and sense of personal space
29
what can your voice indicate, through tone, vocabulary, and accents?
feelings through tone, age through vocabulary, and location, background and/or ethnicity through accent
30
what percentage of our daily interaction is made up of non-verbal communication?
75%
31
what is body language?
the conscious and unconscious movements that communicate attitudes, feelings and emotions -- give the receiver a clear message without verbal context
32
meanings behind forms of non-verbal communication can vary broadly between cultures. what can this lead to?
the miscommunication of a message through different ways of encoding and decoding messages
33
misunderstandings of messages can lead to what?
misleading stereotypes, racism, and ignorance
34
non-verbal communication like signs and signals are what type of behaviour?
learned behaviours, often defined by an individual's cultural background
35
what are semiotics?
the study of the meaning behind signs and symbols and how signs and symbols convey the meaning to the receiver.
36
the sign creates meaning. the denotation shows the literal meaning. what is the connotation?
the connotation is the signified meaning, created by personal & public knowledge
37
what is the way in which we decode the signifier is dependent on?
personal experience and public knowledge, our ideologies, culture, and background
38
what are haptics? what are the vital in?
the study of touching behaviour, vital in communicating in interpersonal relationships, and in conveying physical intimacy
39
what are proxemics?
form of non-verbal communication that relates to the use of space to convey messages and meaning.
40
in Western culture, what is the physical distance between people dependent on?
the relationship of the communicators, and the nature of the social situation
41
according to Edward T Hall, what is personal space & territory?
personal space (immediate space surrounding a person), and territory (the space a person 'claims' to stop others from invading)
42
what is Edward T Hall's theory dependent on?
approximate distances vary depending on personality type → whether you are extroverted or introverted
43
what does the Attribution Theory (Kelley 1973) say about how we draw inferences on people, and what does this create?
we use multiple observations of others to draw inferences about the causes of someone's behaviour. our knowledge about people is based on these inferences and affects our perception about them.
44
what does the Social Penetration Theory (Altman & Taylor, 1973) say about the formation of relationships?
relationships are formed by a gradual process of self-disclosure; the sharing of personal facts, inner thoughts and feelings.
45
what did Collins & Miller (1994) discover about those who disclose intimate information versus those who don't?
a meta-analysis showed that people who disclose intimate information about themselves are more liked than people who don't.
46
what did Tannen (1990) find about gender differences in conversation?
she found gender differences in how men and women have conversations. men interrupt more, women use more language tags, women prefer emotional support whereas men tend to have a problem-solving approach to problems
47
what did Reis (1986) discover about female disclosure of information?
women self disclose more than men. women also disclose more to other women than men to other men.
48
what is 'the role of communication in maintaining relationships: social control' case study?
social control in Cuba, due to the cuban revolution
49
in what year did Fidel Castro and Che Guevara land in Cuba with a small group of insurgents (a rebel or revolutionary), and begin a guerrilla war against the Cuban Government?
1956
50
what did Fidel Castro and Che Guevara's guerrilla war against the Cuban Government become known as?
the '26th of July Movement'.
51
in the following years (from 1958 to 1959), what major events occurred regarding the Cuban revolution?
after a full-scale attack, President Fulgencio Batista was forced to flee. after being was sworn in as PM, Castro announced the introduction of a Marxist-Leninist program
52
how many Cubans went into exile, and where did most flee to?
thousands of Cubans went into exile, mostly to the USA.
53
what did the Cuban government represent regarding social control?
represented the absolute truth and authority, it monopolised education and means of coercion, it promoted a politicised social life.
54
post-1989 economic crisis, what was minimised in Cuba?
the number of people who participate in political protests, places where these political acts occur, and the institutions that would provide support for political alternatives
55
how was this minimisation of public protest participation achieved?
through making it difficult for members of dissident (opposition) groups to communicate.
56
after being in control for 40+ years, what did this allow the Cuban government to do? | (think limitations through social control)
allowed for the creation of institutions, collective memories, and 'facts'/explanations of how the world operates, as part of a cogent (logical) national cultural policy.
57
what does the Cuban government have total command over?
formal education and the mass media on the island and a near-monopoly on the information and interpretations Cubans use to make decisions.
58
in the sentence -- It operated formal and informal systems of control that simultaneously emphasised rigidity and openness -- what is rigidity and openness?
restraint and freedom
59
what do formal controls derived from the actions of institutions, law, powerful organisations and associations, along with explicitly designed planning, programs and professional staff, act to maintain?
they act to maintain political stability
60
what outcomes come from informal control which stresses internalisation and the production of politically non-divergent social actors?
custom socialisation into the dominant ideology and acceptance of prevailing institutional arrangements, gossip and other forms of group censure, and the creation of consumption needs through advertising.
61
how is transport socially controlled in Cuba?
cost rose but access decreased so that people travelled less and lived in smaller physical areas, which increased the government's ability to survey them
62
what was the 'HOWEVER' outcome of this social control in Cuba?
it increased people's interdependence with members of their intimate circles, friends, neighbours and family members residing nearby.
63
true or false? communication represents an essential human need and a basic right.
TRUE
64
how is the internet socially controlled/censored in Cuba?
journalists and journalism is illegal, the price of internet is so high that most people do not have it, national internet just allows you to use information that is from Cuba
65
what is the purpose of social control?
to avoid the breakdown of society/ maintain traditional order
66
what is the definition of social control?
the way in which people's behaviours are regulated in particular social setting
67
what are the positives of social control?
establishment of social unity
68
what does enabling people to communicate result in?
the existence and prosperity of community groups and other institutions.
69
on a MACRO level, what do individuals have the universal human right to do?
express information without any media interference; be protected from emotional harm in print & visual communication; have their reputation respected & protected
70
on a MICRO level, what do individuals have the right to?
control their data & images online; engage with others safely & without harassment; engage with quality content, without being confronted with harmful content; and create content
71
what do communication rights and responsibilities enable all people everywhere to do?
express themselves individually & collectively
72
what do communication rights encompass?
freedom of expression, freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and knowledge.
73
what did Jean D'Arcy, a pioneer of French and European television, recognise regarding communication rights in the UDHR (1948) and contemporary society?
recognised that the freedom of expression and communication rights listed in the UDHR would need to be re-examined to reflect the changing nature of contemporary society.
74
what are the four pillars of communication rights, as outlined in Seán Ó Siochrú's "Assessing Communication Rights: A Handbook"?
communicating in the public sphere, communication of knowledge, civil rights in communication, cultural rights in communication
75
what is the right of communicating in the public sphere?
the role of communication and media in exercising democratic political participation in society.
76
what is the right of communication of knowledge?
the terms and means by which knowledge generated by society is communicated, or blocked, for use by different groups.
77
what is the right of cultural rights in communication?
the communication of diverse cultures, cultural forms and identities at the individual and social levels.
78
what is the right of civil rights in communication?
the exercise of civil rights relating to the processes of communication in society.
79
who was the Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) developed by?
Howard Giles in 1971
80
what is the Communication Accommodation Theory (summary)?
the idea that one will change the way they speak depending on who they are speaking to and the context of the conversation
81
what behaviour will people typically change when speaking according to CAT?
speech, gestures, and non-verbal communication
82
what is the purpose of this change in speech and behaviour outlined in the CAT theory?
to emphasise or minimise the social differences between themselves and the person they are interacting with.
83
what are some assumptions of the Communication Accommodation Theory?
social norms give guidance to appropriate and inappropriate behaviour, therefore accommodation occurs when both parties understand the appropriate norms.
84
in each conversation, each individual has different values, beliefs, and attitudes. when is there a higher the chance of accommodating the differences?
when members of the conversation share more similarities.
85
at the beginning of a conversation, what do communicators judge, and what does this judgement determine?
communicators judge the speech and behaviour of others involved, which determines whether or not the communicator needs to change their own behaviour or speech, and whether or not the conversation will continue or end.
86
what is the process of accommodation?
the process of changing the way you talk or behave in order to match the person you are speaking to.
87
what are the three reasons behind accommodation?
seeking a person's approval, maintaining a positive social image, and communicating effectively
88
when two people from different cultures converse, in what social standing do they agree to conduct the conversation?
from the social standing of the higher-status person, meaning one person often changes their behaviour to accommodate the other.
89
what does the way in which we perceive the speech and behaviours of others determine?
our evaluation of the conversation
90
what is convergence?
making changes (accommodations) in the way we speak to fit in with the person/group we are talking to
91
what is divergence?
using behaviour or language to distance ourselves from the people/group we are conversing with
92
what is over accommodation?
matching the communication style of people we are talking to, which can however come across condescending.
93
what are the two strengths of the CAT theory?
detailed enough to be complete, supported by various authors, reinforced by a significant amount of research, the core discussion of convergence and divergence makes it relatively easy to understand, highlighting its simplicity.
94
what are the criticisms/weaknesses of the CAT theory? | (as specified by Judee Burgoon, Leesa Dillman, and Lesa Stern)
question the convergence-divergence frame, believe that people's accommodation to conversations are too complex to be reduced to three processes; and criticise whether the theory relies too heavily on a rational way of communicating

Society & Culture (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions