8.4-8.6

Question 1

what makes up oil?

Answer 1

hydrocarbons + sulfur (~10%) + oxygen (~5%) + nitrogen (~1%)
- traces of metallic elements (V, Ni, Fe, Al, Na, Ca, Cu, U)

Question 2

% oil = saturated vs. aromatic

Answer 2

• ~70% = saturated
• ~30% = aromatic

Question 3

saturated oil

Answer 3

no multiple bonds

Question 4

aromatic oil

Answer 4

@ least 1 benzene ring (multiple bonds)

Question 5

refineries:

Answer 5

distillation towers + reactors

Question 6

what do distillation towers do? (oil refineries)

Answer 6

divide petroleum

Question 7

what do reactors do? (oil refineries)

Answer 7

transform molecules to needed amounts
- ex: reactions to increase % gasoline

Question 8

“oil cracking”

Answer 8

larger hydrocarbons broken down into 2 smaller hydrocarbons (in gasoline range)
- ↑ temp (400-600°C)
- catalyst = aluminosilicate w/ potassium

Question 9

“oil alkylation”

Answer 9

build up 2 midsize molecules –> bigger one
- enhances % gasoline: 20% –> 40-45%
- catalyst = strong acid

Question 10

controlled oxidation to hydrocarbons produces…

Answer 10

oxygenates

Question 11

oxygenates

Answer 11

oxygen-containing fuel molecules

Question 12

purpose of oxygenates

Answer 12

added to gasoline to reduce CO2 emissions
- benzene and MTBE = eliminated from gas bc of pollution

Question 13

advantages of oil

Answer 13

• liquid = easily transported
• relatively clean (refineries get rid of sulfur and metal)

Question 14

disadvantages of oil

Answer 14

• oil spills (rigs and transport)
• grease and oil accumulation in cities and waterways

Question 15

burning of coal and oil: which produces more CO2?

Answer 15

coal

Question 16

when will we run out of oil?

Answer 16

~40 years

Question 17

primary oil recovery

Answer 17

~10% oil
- oil trapped in wells, natural pressure forces it out of ground

Question 18

secondary oil recovery

Answer 18

~10-30% oil
- drilling new wells and injecting water to force it out

Question 19

enhanced oil recovery

Answer 19

• allows oil to be released from rock pores
• injecting chemicals, steam, CO2, or microbes to lower oil viscosity

Question 20

viscosity

Answer 20

resistance of fluid to movement

Question 21

tar sands and oil shales:

Answer 21

mixtures of sand + clay + rock
- heating = releases more oil than all others

Question 22

uses for natural gas

Answer 22

heating, cooking, electricity generation

Question 23

how do we mine natural gas?

Answer 23

hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling

Question 24

gas turbine electric generators

Answer 24

gas –> electricity
- reduces CO2 emissions (compared to coal ~40% ↓)

Question 25

advantages of natural gas

Answer 25

- clean fuel - little processing - easily transported through pipelines - sig. lower CO2 emissions

Question 26

disadvantages of natural gas

Answer 26

- requires compressors and/or refrigerators - well insulated storage tanks - transport has to be able to withstand high pressure - still produces large amounts of CH4 (a GHG) - health concerns w/ hydraulic fracturing and drilling

Question 27

when will gas run out?

Answer 27

~60 years

Question 28

hard coal

Answer 28

greater transformation than soft coal - lower moisture content

Question 29

soft coal

Answer 29

less transformation than hard coal - higher moisture content

Question 30

heating temp for softer coals

Answer 30

lower temp bc of increased moisture

Question 31

heating temp for harder coals

Answer 31

higher temp bc of decreased moisture

Question 32

advantages of coal

Answer 32

- large amount - relatively cheap - power plants = ↓ $

Question 33

disadvantages of coal

Answer 33

- hard to transport - use in furnaces = pollutes air (soot and SO2) - electricity production- emits SO2 and NO --> main sources of acid rain - emits ↑ CO2 > oil/gas - coal waste products

Question 34

coal waste products

Answer 34

ash, fly-ash, stored-ash- in landfills, ponds, or impoundments, coal mines cause contamination

Question 35

fly-ash

Answer 35

residue extracted from filters to control air pollution

Question 36

scrubbers

Answer 36

capture SO2 in coal production

Question 37

stored-ash

Answer 37

in landfills, ponds, or impoundments - leaching of toxic chemicals

Question 38

disadvantages of coal mines

Answer 38

black lung disease, contamination of water supplies (drainage), erodible hill sides from shallow mines

Question 39

"clean coal"

Answer 39

- reducing CO2 emissions w/: o carbon capture o storage schemes o CO2 collection o electricity- smokestacks disperse emissions (lessens local air pollution)

Question 40

“combined cycle”

Answer 40

produces electricity at high efficiency w/o extracting more coal

Question 41

when will coal run out?

Answer 41

~150 years