8.4-8.6 Flashcards
what makes up oil?
hydrocarbons + sulfur (~10%) + oxygen (~5%) + nitrogen (~1%)
- traces of metallic elements (V, Ni, Fe, Al, Na, Ca, Cu, U)
% oil = saturated vs. aromatic
- ~70% = saturated
- ~30% = aromatic
saturated oil
no multiple bonds
aromatic oil
@ least 1 benzene ring (multiple bonds)
refineries:
distillation towers + reactors
what do distillation towers do? (oil refineries)
divide petroleum
what do reactors do? (oil refineries)
transform molecules to needed amounts
- ex: reactions to increase % gasoline
“oil cracking”
larger hydrocarbons broken down into 2 smaller hydrocarbons (in gasoline range)
- ↑ temp (400-600°C)
- catalyst = aluminosilicate w/ potassium
“oil alkylation”
build up 2 midsize molecules –> bigger one
- enhances % gasoline: 20% –> 40-45%
- catalyst = strong acid
controlled oxidation to hydrocarbons produces…
oxygenates
oxygenates
oxygen-containing fuel molecules
purpose of oxygenates
added to gasoline to reduce CO2 emissions
- benzene and MTBE = eliminated from gas bc of pollution
advantages of oil
- liquid = easily transported
- relatively clean (refineries get rid of sulfur and metal)
disadvantages of oil
- oil spills (rigs and transport)
- grease and oil accumulation in cities and waterways
burning of coal and oil: which produces more CO2?
coal
when will we run out of oil?
~40 years