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AP2 B6 > 84 - 166 > Flashcards

84 - 166 Flashcards

1
Q

look at slide 84 images

A

thumbs up

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2
Q

Tracheal Histology:

Four layers (exterior to lumen)?

A
  1. Adventitia
  2. Hyaline cartilage
  3. Submucosa
  4. Mucosa
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3
Q

Usually 16-20 incomplete, horizontal rings stacked on one another (resemble letter “C”)

A

Hyaline cartilage of the trachea

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4
Q

Opening is to the posterior, facing the esophagus

A

Horizontal rings of Hyaline cartilage of the trachea

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5
Q

Hyaline cartilage of the trachea:

______ membrane spans this opening

Inside this membrane lie transverse smooth muscle fibers called the ______

Membrane also contains elastic connective tissue that allows…

A

Fibromuscular

trachealis muscle

…. the diameter to change during inhalation/exhalation

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6
Q

Semi-rigid structure allows for patency of the airway so that it does not collapse on itself

A

Hyaline cartilage of the trachea

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7
Q

Areolar connective tissue

Contains seromucous glands and their ducts

A

Submucosa of the trachea

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8
Q

which layer of the trachea Contains seromucous glands and their ducts?

what type of tissue is found here?

A

Submucosa of the trachea

Areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

Contains pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (like nasal cavity and larynx)

Provides protection from dust, other particles

A

Mucosa layer of trachea

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10
Q

Mucosa layer of trachea:

Contains __ ___ ___ epithelium (like nasal cavity and larynx)

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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11
Q

The image on slide 87 is vital to your performance on the next exam, but MORE IMPORTANTLY to your understanding of the respiratory system as a provider

A

Gut check

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12
Q

At superior border of ____ ____ ____, trachea divides into

Right primary (main) bronchus

  • –Shorter, more vertical, and wider than left
  • –Why is this important?

Left primary (main) bronchus

A

5th thoracic vertebra

more vertical and wider = more of a potential of a right main stem

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13
Q

Considered to be most sensitive area for the cough reflex

A

Carina- the point where the trachea divides

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14
Q

the point where the trachea divides

A

Carina

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15
Q

The ___ carry air into the lungs

A

bronchi

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16
Q

Bronchi contain incomplete rings of ____ ____

Bronchi are also lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (like trachea, nasal cavity)… what does this help to do?

A

hyaline cartilage

Helps to remove foreign objects (dust, etc)

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17
Q

Bronchial Tree Flow

Talk me through it from Primary Bronchus to smallest bronchi (not bronchioles)… siri is listening

A

Primary (main) bronchus TWO (1:1)

Secondary (lobar) bronchus FIVE (3:2)

  • —-3 in right lung
  • —-2 in left lung

Tertiary (segmental) bronchus TWENTY (10:10)
—–10 segments in each lung

Transition to smaller and smaller bronchi
—–Until lumen is ~1mm and no cartilage in airway walls, which signifies the transition to bronchioles

SLIDE 96 may be a good picture for reinforcement

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18
Q

Bronchial Tree Flow

Talk me through it from Lobular bronchioles to to alveoli… siri is still listening

A

Lobular bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

  • –Last part of conducting zone
  • –Last MACROSCOPIC airway

Respiratory bronchioles

  • –First part of respiratory zone
  • –First MICROSCOPIC airway

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs
—Group of alveoli sharing same alveolar duct

Alveolus (Alveoli)

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19
Q

—Last part of conducting zone

—Last MACROSCOPIC airway

A

Terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

—First part of respiratory zone

—First MICROSCOPIC airway

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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21
Q

Cartilage In Resp System

Cartilage

—As bronchi transition into smaller branches, rings of cartilage are….

—As bronchi divide into smaller bronchi (tertiary and smaller), these plates get much ____

  • –As cartilage reduces in size and quantity, amount of smooth muscle increases
  • ——— _____ have complete smooth muscle with NO cartilage
A

…replaced by plates of cartilage

smaller

Bronchioles

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22
Q

As _____ reduces in size and quantity, amount of smooth muscle increases

A

cartilage of the respiratory system

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23
Q

Terminal bronchioles:

Represent ______ of respiratory system

Have _____ function

A

Represent END of conducting zone of respiratory system

Have exocrine function

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24
Q

Terminal bronchioles

Have exocrine function:

contain ___ cells which are?

they protect against?

produce what?

Function as what type of cell?

A

Contain club cells (formerly known as Clara cells)

Non-ciliated cells interspersed among epithelial cells

Protects against harmful toxins and carcinogens

Produces/secretes small amount of surfactant (liquid/mucous)
—–This surfactant acts to help keep the bronchiole lumen from collapsing onto itself and remaining closed

Function as stem cells (reserve cells)
—–Gives rise to various cells in epithelium

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25
Q

Contain club cells (formerly known as Clara cells)

–Non-ciliated cells interspersed among epithelial cells

–Protects against harmful toxins and carcinogens

  • -Produces/secretes small amount of surfactant (liquid/mucous)
  • —-This surfactant acts to help keep the bronchiole lumen from collapsing onto itself and remaining closed
  • -Function as stem cells (reserve cells)
  • —-Gives rise to various cells in epithelium
A

Terminal bronchioles

look at image on slide 99

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26
Q

Bronchioles and Innervation:

Bronchioles – ANS

Sympathetic stimulation – (exercise)

Causes release of norepinephrine from adrenal medulla which bind to….

This binding leads to these two things?

This improved ventilation allows for more oxygen to be delivered to muscle tissues in the body… T or F?

A

….beta-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the airways

  1. Causes bronchodilation (relaxation of smooth muscle in airways)
  2. Increases cilia beat frequency (removes more mucous)

True

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27
Q

Bronchioles and Innervation:

Bronchioles – ANS

Parasympathetic stimulation - (rest)

What does Ach bind to and where?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach) binds to muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle of airways

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28
Q

Bronchioles – ANS

Parasympathetic stimulation - (rest)

What does the binding of Ach cause in regards to smooth muscle tissue and mucous?

A

Causes slight contraction of smooth muscle surrounding the bronchioles (bronchoconstriction)

Causes increase in mucous production

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29
Q

A physiologic constriction that only slightly reduces the amount of ventilation occurring

If at rest, most people don’t require constant, total ventilation throughout the lungs

A

bronchoconstriction

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30
Q

In term of receptors of bronchioles… there are more adrenergic receptors than cholinergic receptors (T or F)?

A

NO!!!

Many more cholinergic receptors found in pulmonary smooth muscle tissue than compared to adrenergic

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31
Q

Lung Anatomy

Paired, cone shaped organs in thoracic cavity

Separated by the mediastinum
§ Heart
§ Aorta
§ Thymus gland
§ Chest portion of trachea
§ Esophagus
§ Lymph nodes
§ Nerves

As a result, two distinct cavities exist (pleuralcavities)

A

104

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32
Q

Each lung is enclosed and protected by a double

layered serous membrane called the

A

pleural membrane

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33
Q

– superficial membrane lining the wall

of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

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34
Q

– deep layer that covers the lungs

themselves

A

Visceral pleural

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35
Q

– small space between the pleural layers containing small amount of lubricating fluid

A

Pleural cavity

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36
Q

Fluid allows for smooth movement of pleura during
breathing

~8-10mL of fluid

A

Pleural cavity

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37
Q

Pleural fluid

§ Usually 8-10mL in cavity space

§ Thought that over 100mL per hour is made at parietal layer and drained at the

A

visceral layer and lymphatics

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38
Q

Helps the two pleural layers “adhere” to each other

§ Still allowing sliding motion to occur during inhalation/exhalation

A

Pleural fluid

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39
Q

Pleural fluid

§ Think of water between two microscope slides

§ Adhere to each other but can still slide

§ This is called ____ and becomes a very
important aspect of breathing

A

surface tension

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40
Q

§ This allows the lung to

“collapse”

A

Shows normal parietal and visceral pleura

§ Entrance of the scope into this pleural space removes the surface tension between the two layers

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41
Q

§ Adhesions are when membranes grow together

§ These two membranes cannot separate unless they are torn apart

A

Shows pleural cavity space with adhesions

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42
Q

Three lobes
§ Superior lobe (3 segments)
§ Middle lobe (2 segments)
§ Inferior lobe (5 segment)

A

Right Lung

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43
Q

Two lobes
§ Superior lobe (5 segments)
§ Inferior lobe (5 segments)

A

Left lung –

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44
Q

Primary Bronchus #’s

Secondary Bronchi

Tertiary

(R to L)

A

Primary bronchus
(1:1)

§Secondary (lobar) bronchi
(3:2)

§Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
(10:10)

(Right:Left)

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45
Q

Lung Anatomy

§ Extend from diaphragm to

A

just above the level of the clavicles

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46
Q

Lung Anatomy

§ Apex of lung protrudes into

A

supraclavicular space

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47
Q

Apex of lung

§ This is the only place to ___

§ Base fits over convex area of…

A

“palpate” the lungs

…diaphragm

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48
Q

Lung Anatomy

§ Right lung is ___ and ___ but ____

A

§ Right lung is thicker and broader but shorter

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49
Q

Lung Anatomy

§ Right lung is thicker and broader but shorter
§ This is due to….

A

…higher diaphragm accommodating the

liver

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50
Q

Lung Anatomy

§ Left lung is __ and ___ compared to right

A

thinner and slightly smaller

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51
Q

Lung Anatomy

Left lung is thinner and slightly smaller

§ Usually 10% smaller because of

A

cardiac notch

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52
Q

medial projection of inferior aspect of superior

left lobe

A

Lingula

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53
Q

is the inferior aspect of the cardiac notch

A

Lingula

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54
Q

great pic of lingual and cardiac notch on slide 115

A

115

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55
Q

§ Anterior portion of lungs that lie against ribs

A

Costal

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56
Q

Mediastinal area contains the ___

where bronchi, vessels, nerves, lymph travel into/out of lungs

A

hilus

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57
Q

(where bronchi, vessels, nerves, lymph travel into/out of lungs)

A

hilus

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58
Q

Mediastinal
Left lung has a _____ which houses the apex
of the heart

A

cardiac notch

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59
Q

§ Inferior aspect (base) of lungs that fits convexity of

diaphragm

A

Diaphragmatic

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60
Q

§ Inferior aspect (base) of lungs that fits convexity of

diaphragm

A

Diaphragmatic

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61
Q

Separated by an oblique (major) fissure

A

Left Lung

§ Two lobes (superior and inferior)

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62
Q

§ Three lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

A

Right lung

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63
Q

Right lung

§ _____ – separates mostly inferior and
middle lobes, and then small portion of lateral aspect of
superior and inferior lobes

A

Oblique (major) fissure

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64
Q

Right lung

§ _____ – separates superior and
middle lobes

A

Horizontal (minor) fissure

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65
Q

Middle lobe is much

A

smaller

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66
Q

Look at pics on slide 118 and 119

A

118 and 119

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67
Q

§ Segment of lung tissue supplied by one tertiary

bronchus (10 in each lung)

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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68
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments

These segments are further broken into compartments called

A

lobules

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69
Q

Each lobule is wrapped in

A

elastic connective tissue

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70
Q

§ Each lobule contains

A

a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

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71
Q

slide 121 pic

A

121

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72
Q

Lobules continued

§ Terminal bronchioles branch inside these lobules into

A

multiple respiratory bronchioles

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73
Q

begin budding from these respiratory bronchioles

A

Alveoli

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74
Q

This is where gas exchange begins

A

Alveoli

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75
Q

This is why the beginning of the respiratory zone starts

at the respiratory bronchiole

A

Alveoli - This is where gas exchange begins

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76
Q

slide 123 shows the microscopic airways from top to bottom

A

look at image and table on top right

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77
Q

Alveolar sac (sometimes called an

A

acinus)

78
Q

§ Two or more alveoli sharing same alveolar duct

§ Looks like a bunch of grapes

A

Alveoli

79
Q

Cup-shaped out-pouching from alveolar duct

A

Alveoli

80
Q

~300 million alveoli in human lungs

A

Alveoli

81
Q

Adjacent alveoli are connected by

A

“pores”

82
Q

These allow for air movement between the alveoli

A

“pores”

83
Q

This helps to equalize pressure throughout the alveolar sac

A

“pores”

84
Q

125 slide

A

125

85
Q

Walls of alveoli contain two types of epithelial cells

A 
Type I (alveolar cells) – more numerous, form an
almost continuous lining of the alveolar wall § main site for gas exchange
Type II (septal cells) – fewer in number, positioned
sporadically in-between the type I cells
86
Q

– more numerous, form an almost continuous lining of the alveolar wall

§ main site for gas exchange

A

Type I (alveolar cells)

87
Q

main site for gas exchange

A

Type I (alveolar cells)

88
Q

– fewer in number, positioned sporadically in-between the type I cells

A

Type II (septal cells)

89
Q

Secretes alveolar fluid (keeps cell surface and air moist)

This fluid contains surfactant (viscous liquid)

A 
Type II (septal cells) – fewer in number, positioned
sporadically in-between the type I cells
90
Q

This fluid contains surfactant (viscous liquid)

Some from the club cells in terminal bronchioles, and some
from its own supply

A

alveolar fluid from Type II (septal cells)

91
Q

Not embedded in the walls of the alveoli, but inside

it are

A

§ Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) – phagocytes

§ Monocytes (fibroblast-like cells) – produce reticular
and elastic fibers

92
Q

§ Alveolar macrophages AKA

A

(dust cells) – phagocytes

93
Q

§ Monocytes AKA

A

(fibroblast-like cells) – produce reticular

and elastic fibers

94
Q

pic 127

A

127

95
Q

A complex mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins

A

Alveolar Fluid

96
Q

Alveolar Fluid

A complex mixture of

A

phospholipids and lipoproteins

97
Q

Lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid

A

surfactant of alveolar fluid

98
Q

Reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse

§ Helps maintain their patency

A

surfactant of alveolar fluid

99
Q

Reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse

§ Helps maintain their patency

A

surfactant of alveolar fluid

100
Q

We want ___ surface tension in pleural cavity to

keep parietal and visceral layers together

A

high

101
Q

§ This helps keep the lungs inflated

§ This is why there is NO surfactant in pleural fluid

A

high surface tension in pleural cavity

102
Q

We want __ surface tension inside the alveoli to keep

these layers apart during exhalation

A

low

103
Q

With increased surface tension, when the alveoli collapse

(think flat soccer ball), the tension will

A

keep the alveoli collapsed

104
Q

Inhaled air will have to have

A

high enough pressure to break the surface tension bond

105
Q

This is why there is surfactant in alveolar fluid

A

To keep the alveoli from collapsing

We want low surface tension inside the alveoli to keep
these layers apart during exhalation

106
Q

Takes place by diffusion across alveolar and capillary walls

A

O2 and CO2 Exchange

107
Q

These two layers form the respiratory membrane

A

alveolar and capillary walls

108
Q

is only 0.5 micrometers thick (1/16th the

size of a RBC)

A

Respiratory Membrane

109
Q

Respiratory Membrane

This thin wall allows for

A

rapid diffusion of gases

110
Q

It is estimated that the lungs contain 300 million
alveoli

The surface area of all of these is approximately
750ft2 (size of a tennis court)

This gives expansive surface area for…

A

…efficient oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange

111
Q

131 and 132 pretty pics

A

131 132

112
Q

Blood Supply of the Lungs

§ Receives blood via two separate sets of arteries:

A

Pulmonary arteries (only arteries in body that carry deoxygenated blood)

§ Pulmonary trunk (coming from right ventricle) gets divided into left and right pulmonary arteries

§ These enter the left and right lungs respectively

Bronchial arteries
§ Branches off of the aorta that deliver oxygenated blood
to the lungs

§ This blood perfuses the muscular walls of bronchi and
bronchioles

113
Q

(only arteries in body that carry deoxygenated blood)

A

Pulmonary arteries

114
Q

(coming from right ventricle) gets divided into left and right pulmonary arteries

§ These enter the left and right lungs respectively

A

§ Pulmonary trunk

115
Q

§ Branches off of the aorta that deliver oxygenated blood

to the lungs

A

Bronchial arteries

116
Q

§ This blood perfuses the muscular walls of bronchi and

bronchioles

A

Bronchial arteries

117
Q

Blood Supply of the Lungs

§ Returns blood to left atrium via

A

§ Pulmonary veins (4 in total; two each lung)

§ Return of oxygenated blood to the left atrium

118
Q

3 basic steps of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

External Respiration

Internal respiration

119
Q

§ Inhalation and exhalation of air

§ Involves exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

120
Q

§ Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood in
pulmonary capillaries
§ Pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2

A

External respiration

121
Q

§ Exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and
tissue cells

§ Blood loses O2 and gains CO2

§ The metabolic reaction that consumes O2 and gives off
CO2 within the cells is called cellular respiration

A

Internal respiration

122
Q

Pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2

A

External respiration

123
Q

Blood loses O2 and gains CO2

A

Internal respiration

124
Q

The metabolic reaction that consumes O2 and gives off

CO2 within the cells is called cellular respiration

A

Internal respiration

125
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation
§ Air flows between atmosphere and alveoli
§ This occurs because of the alternating pressure difference created by…

A

…contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

126
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

§ Rate of airflow as well as amount of effort needed
for breathing are influenced by:

A

§ Alveolar surface tension (surfactant)
§ Compliance of lungs (ex: fibrosis)
§ Airway resistance (ex: asthma)

127
Q

Pressure Changes in Ventilation
§ Air moves into lungs when pressure is greater in the
atmosphere (environment)
§ Think of C-PAP

A

§ Continuous positive air pressure machine for obstructive
sleep apnea patients

§ It increases the pressure at which air moves into the airways so that it can overcome anatomical abnormalities that may close off the airway otherwise

128
Q

§ Air moves out of the lungs when…

A

the pressure is less in the atmosphere (environment)

129
Q

142 pic

A

142

130
Q

`Breathing

A

Pulmonary ventilation

131
Q

§ External (pulmonary) respiration

A

Exchange of gases between alveoli (lungs) and blood

pulmonary capillaries

132
Q

Exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and

tissue cells

A

Internal (tissue) respiration

133
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

The pressure of the air just outside of the body’s

airway

134
Q

Intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure

A

Fluid pressure between the visceral and parietal

layers of the pleura

135
Q

Alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure

A

Pressure inside the lungs

—-Specifically the collective pressure within the alveoli

136
Q

Inhalation (Inspiration)
§ Just before the start of each inhalation, pressure in
lungs is

A

equal to atmospheric pressure (at sea level)

§ 760mmHg (or 1 atmosphere)

137
Q

For airflow to occur, the pressure in the alveoli must

become

A

lower than the atmosphere

138
Q

For airflow to occur, the pressure in the alveoli must
become lower than the atmosphere

§ This is accomplished by increasing the size of the
lungs (and the thoracic cavity)

A

§ By contracting certain muscles, it pulls the pleura
outward, creating a larger cavity, and therefore less
pressure within it

139
Q

Inhalation- Boyles Law

The pressure of a gas in a closed container is

A

inversely proportional to the volume of the container

140
Q

Inhalation- Boyles Law

If container (volume) becomes bigger – pressure

A

decreases

141
Q

Inhalation- Boyles Law

If container (volume) becomes smaller – pressure

A

increases

142
Q

For inhalation to occur:

§ Thoracic cavity size (volume) must

A

increase

143
Q

Due to cohesion of visceral and parietal pleura, the

lungs expand as the cavity expands therefore

A

increasing intra-alveolar volume

This creates a lower alveolar pressure (sub-atmospheric)

144
Q

This allows air to flow in

A

Thoracic cavity size (volume) must

145
Q

To expand the lungs, the main muscles of

inhalation must contract

A

§ Diaphragm

§ External intercostals

146
Q

– most important muscle of inhalation

A

Diaphragm

147
Q

What determiners transition to bronchioles?

A

Lack of cartilage

148
Q

Dome shaped skeletal muscle that forms floor of thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

149
Q

Diaphragm innervation?

A

Innervated by fibers of the phrenic nerves (C3/C4/C5)

150
Q

Contraction of diaphragm causes it to

This occurs during

A

flatten

inhalation

151
Q

The contraction of diaphragm increases

This causes…

A

vertical diameter in thoracic cavity

….increased volume, meaning decreased pressure – air flows in

152
Q

150 inhalation vs exhalation picture

A

150 pic

153
Q

diaphragm contracts

A

inhalation

diaphragm moves down

154
Q

diaphragm relaxes

A

exhalation

diaphragm moves up

155
Q

During normal inhalation, the diaphragm descends approximately 1cm

This produces a pressure difference of 1-3mmHg

This causes…

A

…an inhalation of approximately 500mL of air

156
Q

During strenuous breathing, the diaphragm may descend up to 10cm

This produces a pressure difference of 100mmHg

This causes…

A

…an inhalation of approximately 2-3L of air

157
Q

Contraction of diaphragm is responsible for

A

75% of the air that enters the lungs during normal breathing

158
Q

When these contract, they elevate the ribs

A

External Intercostal Muscles

159
Q

External Intercostal Muscles contraction:

This causes an increase in the ___ and ___ diameters of the chest cavity

A

anteroposterior and lateral

160
Q

Contraction of these account for the other 25% of air entering the lungs in normal breathing

A

External Intercostal Muscles

161
Q

slide 153 images of inspiration and expiration…. pay attention to the chest wall expansion and contraction

A

please my good man

162
Q

During normal inhalation

Pressure in pleural cavity (intrapleural pressure) is always

A

lower than atmospheric pressure

163
Q

Just before inhalation begins, the pleural cavity is approximately 4mmHg less than atmospheric pressure (756mmHg)

As diaphragm and external intercostals contract, overall size of thoracic cavity

A

increases (decreasing pressure)

164
Q

as size of thoracic cavity increases during inhalation, this causes intrapleural pressure to

A

decrease as well to 754mmHg

165
Q

Normally parietal and visceral pleurae adhere tightly because of the __ and ___

A

subatmospheric pressure AND the surface tension created by their moist surfaces

166
Q

During normal inhalation (continued)
Pleural Pressures

As thoracic cavity expands, the parietal pleura lining the cavity is….

This takes the visceral pleura and therefore ____

A

pulled outward in all directions

the lungs with it

167
Q

During normal inhalation (continued)
Pleural Pressures

As volume of lungs increase, the alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure is

This creates the pressure difference between the….

the pressure difference causes what?

A

reduced from 760mmHg to 758mmHg

…..atmosphere (now higher pressure) and the alveoli (now lower pressure)

AIR FLOWS IN!!

168
Q

Accessory Muscles for inhalation

(3) and what they elevate?

A

Sternocleidomastoids- elevate sternum
Scalenes- elevate first two ribs
Pectoralis minors- elevate 3rd-5th ribs

169
Q

Accessory Muscle Use

During deep, forceful inhalations, accessory muscles help to…

Do they help during normal breathing?

A

… increase thoracic cavity size

These muscles make little to no contribution during normal breathing, but during exercise, or forced ventilation they contract vigorously

170
Q

Inhalation involves muscular contraction to complete it

This makes it an _____ process

A

ACTIVE

171
Q

Normal exhalation does not include muscular contractions to accomplish

This makes it a _____ process

A

PASSIVE

172
Q

Does inhalation involve muscular contraction normally?

A

YES… it’s an ACTIVE Process

173
Q

Does Normal exhalation include muscular contractions?

A

No… it’s a PASSIVE Process

174
Q

Exhalation/Expiration

Also occurs from a pressure gradient but in the opposite direction of inhalation

Pressure in lungs is

A

greater than pressure in atmosphere

175
Q

During normal exhalation, process is passive as no muscular contractions are needed to exhale: This is do to what three characteristics?

A

The recoil of elastic fibers in the lung tissue

The recoil of smooth muscle of the airways

The inward pull of surface tension in alveoli due to the film of alveolar fluid

176
Q

Exhalation begins when inspiratory muscles start to relax

Diaphragm relaxes causing it to __ ___

External intercostals relax causing ?

All of this decreases the __, __ and ____ diameters decreasing the cavity size and therefore…?

A

Diaphragm relaxes causing it to move upward

External intercostals relax causing ribs to depress

All of this decreases the vertical, lateral and anteroposterior diameters decreasing the cavity size and therefore

…decreasing the lung volume

177
Q

Exhalation

As this process occurs, the alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure is…

This increase in pressure causes air to flow how?

A

…increased to approximately 762mmHg

from high pressure to low pressure…exhalation

178
Q

Forced Exhalation

Exhalation becomes an active process only during

A

forceful breathing (ex’s: Playing a wind instrument, Exercise)

179
Q

Forced Exhalation

During this process, muscles of exhalation contract

Abdominals – contraction moves…

A

… inferior ribs downward, compressing abdominal viscera

180
Q

Forced Exhalation

– pulls ribs inferiorly when contracting, helps put pressure on abdominal viscera

A

Internal intercostals

181
Q

Other Factors Affecting Ventilation

We know that pressure differences drive airflow, but three other factors contribute to the rate of airflow and the ease of pulmonary ventilation

A

Surface tension of alveolar fluid

Compliance of the lungs

Airway resistance

182
Q

Remember…a thin layer of fluid coats the luminal surface of the alveoli (the inside of the bubble)

This fluid exerts a force known as

A

surface tension

183
Q

Found at all air-water interfaces due to the polar water molecules being strongly attracted to each other rather than to gases

A

surface tension

184
Q

When liquid surrounds a gas circumferentially (as in an alveolus or a soap bubble) it creates an inwardly directed force

A

surface tension

185
Q

slide 165

A

165

186
Q

Surface Tension of Alveolar Fluid

Surface tension (in the lungs)

Causes alveoli to assume…

A

…their smallest possible diameter (around the gas inside)

187
Q

Surface tension must be overcome to…

A

expand the lungs during each inhalation

188
Q

Accounts for 2/3rds of elastic recoil during exhalation

A

Surface tension

189
Q

Surfactant role

Reduces the amount of what affecting which part of the lungs?

A

constant inward pressure that is pulling the walls of the alveoli together

190
Q

Helps alveoli avoid collapse

Also allows alveoli to open with less air pressure (becomes more compliant)

A

Surfactant

look at slide 167 for a great visual

AP2 B6 (3 decks)

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