1-83 Flashcards
1
Q
branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)
A
Otorhinolaryngology
2
Q
branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the lungs
A
Pulmonology
3
Q
Cells in body use oxygen for many different metabolic reactions, releasing?
A
CO2
4
Q
Excessive CO2 in the body can lead to ____ (very toxic to all cells in body)
A
acidosis
5
Q
Excess CO2 must be eliminated effectively and efficiently.
The respiratory system helps to accomplish this along with the ____ system
A
circulatory
6
Q
Cardiovascular and Respiratory systems work together to supply O2 and eliminate CO2
A
Thanks
7
Q
intake of O2 and elimination of CO2 (gas exchange)
A
Respiratory system-
8
Q
transports blood containing the gases between lungs and body cells
A
Cardiovascular system-
9
Q
Failure of either system disrupts homeostasis and causes rapid cellular death from
A
Oxygen starvation
Buildup of waste products
10
Q
Participates in blood pH regulation Contains receptors for sense of smell Filters inspired air Helps produce sounds (speech) Rids body of some heat and water through exhalation
A
Respiratory system (some extra duties…)
11
Q
Respiratory system (some extra duties…)
A
Participates in blood pH regulation Contains receptors for sense of smell Filters inspired air Helps produce sounds (speech) Rids body of some heat and water through exhalation
12
Q
Just as in the digestive system, the respiratory system has an extensive area of contact with ____ environment
A
external
13
Q
Nose Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchi Lungs
A
Respiratory System consists of
14
Q
Respiratory System consists of
A
Nose Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchi Lungs
15
Q
Respiratory Anatomy: Can be categorized structurally or by function. Two structures?
A
Upper and lower
16
Q
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures
structural
A
Upper respiratory system
17
Q
Upper respiratory system
structural
A
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures
18
Q
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
structural
A
Lower respiratory system
19
Q
Lower respiratory system
structural
A
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
20
Q
Functional zones?
A
Conducting and respiratory
21
Q
where filtration, warming and moistening of the air occurs
A
Conducting Zone-
22
Q
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
A
Conducting Zone-
23
Q
Conducting Zone-
A
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
24
Q
tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
A
Respiratory Zone–
25
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Respiratory Zone–
26
Respiratory Zone–
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
27
Visible on the face
Consists of supporting framework of bone and cartilage covered by muscle and skin
Frontal, nasal and maxillae bones form bony framework
Septal nasal, lateral nasal, and alar cartilage form the cartilaginous framework
This is what makes the external nose flexible
External nares are the openings of nose seen on the face
External aspect
| nose
28
Frontal, nasal and maxillae bones form bony framework for?
External aspect of bone
29
What cartilage for external nose aspect?
Septal nasal, lateral nasal, and alar cartilage form the cartilaginous framework
30
Large space in anterior skull that lies inferior to nasal bone and superior to maxilla
Internal aspect (nasal cavity)
31
Anteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the external nose
| Posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx through two openings called the
internal nares (choanae)
32
Ducts from paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain into the
nasal cavity (internal aspect)
33
Paranasal sinuses include the (4)?
maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal
34
Slide 24, 25
for nose stuff
35
Roof of nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
36
Floor of nasal cavity?
Palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae
37
Lateral wall of nasal cavity?
Ethmoid (makes the superior and middle nasal concha), maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha bone
38
Anterior portion of nasal cavity just inside the nostrils
Surrounded by cartilage
Nasal vestibule
39
Vertical partition in nasal cavity
Mostly hyaline cartilage
Formed from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, septal
(quadrangular) cartilage, and the vomer
Nasal septum
40
Formed from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, septal (quadrangular) cartilage, and the vomer
Nasal septum
41
Mostly hyaline? cartilage?
Nasal septum
42
Nasal septum pictures?
Slide 29, 30
43
Produces mucous that lines the sinus cavity and drains into the nasal cavity to keep it moist
Sinus Cavities
44
Allow our voice to resonate better?
Sinus cavities
45
Gives structure to the face?
Sinus cavities
46
Air enters nostril passing through the
nasal vestibules
47
Vestibules have ___containing coarse hair which filters large dust particles
mucosa
48
After nasal vestibules, air then passes through the shelves formed by the nasal ____
conchae bones (turbinates)
49
Extend from the lateral walls towards the septum?
nasal conchae bones (turbinates)
| Inferior, middle, and superior
50
Spaces in between these turbinates are called ____ (groove-like passageways)
meatuses
51
Mucous membranes (containing goblet cells and cilia) line these conchae which help catch ____ on exhalation (helps prevent dehydration)
water droplets
52
Views of the turbinates
38, 39, 40
53
Air is whirled over the ___ and through the meatuses (spaces in between)
turbinates
54
As air whirls over turbinates/through meatuses, This exposes the air to blood in ___ which helps to warm it
capillaries
55
As air whirls over turbinates/through meatuses, Mucous secreted by ___ here helps to moisten the air as well as capture smaller dust particles
goblet cells
56
As air whirls over turbinates/through meatuses, ___ in this region help to move mucous and trapped dust particles towards the pharynx where they can be swallowed or spit out
Cilia
57
Post nasal drip from movement from what nasal feature?
Cilia moving stuff towards pharynx
58
Funnel shaped tube?
| Approximately 5in long?
Pharynx
59
Starts at internal nares and extends to level of cricoid cartilage (most inferior cartilage of larynx)
Pharynx
60
Pharynx starts at ___and extends to level of cricoid cartilage (most inferior cartilage of larynx)
internal nares
61
Lies just posterior to nasal and oral cavities and just anterior to cervical vertebra
Pharynx
62
Wall of pharynx is ___ muscle with mucous membrane at the lumen
skeletal
Relaxation of these muscles keeps the pharynx patent
Contraction of these muscles assists in deglutition
63
Layers of pharynx skeletal muscles?
Inner layer of longitudinal muscle
| Outer layer of circular muscle
64
Functions as passageway for both air and food
Helps resonate speech sounds
Houses the tonsils
Pharynx
65
Three anatomical regions of pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
66
Superior portion of the pharynx
| Posterior to the nasal cavity, extends to soft palate
Nasopharynx
67
5 openings in nasopharynx?
Two internal nares
Two eustachian tubes (auditory/pharyngotympanic tubes)
Opening into the oropharynx
68
Contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Also exchanges small amounts of air with eustachian tubes to equalize pressure between pharynx and middle ear
nasopharynx
69
Nasopharynx contains what tonsils?
pharyngeal (adenoids)
70
Intermediate portion of pharynx
Extends from soft palate to upper border of epiglottis (at the level of the inferior aspect of the hyoid bone)
Contains only one opening, the fauces (or mouth)
Oropharynx
71
Oropharynx Extends from soft palate to ____ (at the level of the inferior aspect of the hyoid bone)
upper border of epiglottis
72
This portion has both respiratory and digestive functions?
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
73
Two “pairs” of tonsils found in oropharynx?
Palatine
Lingual singular
74
Begins at inferior aspect of hyoid bone
Inferior end opens into esophagus posteriorly or larynx anteriorly
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
75
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
| begins at ___ and opens into ____
inferior aspect of hyoid bone
esophagus posteriorly or larynx anteriorly
76
Oropharynx ends and begins?
Extends from soft palatae to upper border of epiglottis
77
"voice box"?
Larynx
78
Short passageway connecting laryngopharynx with the trachea
larynx
79
Larynx technically begins at the level of the hyoid bone (base of the tongue) and ends just after the
vocal cords
80
There is overlap between the ___ and larynx (hence laryngopharynx)
pharynx
81
Larynx lies midline in the neck, anterior to the ___ cervical vertebrae and esophagus
4th-6th
82
Three functions of larynx?
When open – breathing
Partially open – phonation/speaking
Closed – protecting airway from food/liquids during deglutition
83
How many pieces of cartilage in the larynx?
9
84
How many singular peices of cartilage in larynx and what are their names?
Three singular pieces
Thyroid
Epiglottis
Cricoid
85
How many paired pieces in the larynx?
Three paired pieces (for moving the vocal folds)
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
86
Gives larynx a triangular shape
| Present in both males and females (males is larger due to testosterone)
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple
87
Laryngeal ___-is what gives shape to the “point” of one’s adam’s apple
prominence
88
Leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that hovers/closes over the glottis (tracheal opening)
Epiglottis
89
Epiglottis attached to posterior aspect of ____ by thyroepiglottic ligament
thyroid cartilage
90
Base of epiglottis connects to the posterior surface of the ____
thyroid cartilage
91
Epiglottis Folds down ___ to cover the trachea
posteriorly
92
Epiglottis protects the trachea when food/liquids are being swallowed. When dust, smoke, food particles, liquids happen to pass into trachea, a cough reflex occurs helping to expel the material.
aight
93
Ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
| only true ring
94
Attached to first ring of trachea by the cricotracheal ligament
Cricoid cartilage
95
Thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament and inferior ____
thyroid cartilage horns
96
___ cartilage is landmark for cricothyroidotomies
Cricoid
Incision is made just above this cartilage (and just below the thyroid cartilage) in the cricothyroid membrane
97
Triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
| JUST KNOW IT EXISTS
98
Corniculate cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
JUST KNOW THEY'RE PAIRED
99
Lining of the larynx ___ to the vocal cords is pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium which also contains
inferior
Ciliated columnar cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells
100
Inferior larynx contains?
Ciliated columnar cells – move trapped particles up towards the pharynx for expulsion
Goblet cells – produces mucus to help trap dust
Basal cells – provides structure/strength
101
Two pairs of folds for voice production?
Vestibular/Ventricular folds
Vocal folds
102
Superior pair
False vocal cords
Vestibular/Ventricular folds
103
Inferior pair
True vocal cords
Vocal folds
104
Although not for normal speech, these folds are useful. These close together to help hold the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity
Vestibular/Ventricular (superior; false) folds function
105
“Fluttering” of these false vocal cords causes distinct growling sound
Vestibular/Ventricular (superior; false) folds function
106
Principle structures of normal voice production
Vocal (inferior; true) folds
107
Laryngeal muscles attach here (the folds) as well, when they contract, it pulls elastic ligaments tight which stretch the vocal cords adducting them (narrowing the ___)
rima glottidis
108
Contracting and relaxing of these muscles varies the tension on the vocal cords, changing sound
laryngeal muscles
Elastic ligaments stretched between rigid cartilage
Thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
109
Air passing over these cords produces sound. Vibrates the cords causing ___(speaking)
phonation
110
The greater the ___, the louder the sound
air pressure
111
If cords are pulled ___, they vibrate more rapidly resulting in a higher pitch
tight
112
If they are more ___, they vibrate less rapidly resulting in a lower pitch
relaxed
113
Occurs from closing all but posterior portion of rima glottidis
Whispering
114
Cords do not vibrate when whispering, so there is no pitch in this form of speech
Just allows air to pass through
115
Intelligible speech is formed by changing shape of ___ as we enunciate
As size of oral cavity changes, resonance quality change
oral cavity
116
all help with voice production?
Pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
They act as resonating chambers
117
___ sounds are made by constricting/relaxing muscles in the wall of the pharynx
Vowel
118
___ sounds require movement of the mouth to complete
Consonant
119
Muscles of face, lips, tongue help enunciation of both
vowels and consonants
120
___ are usually thicker and longer causing a slower vibration and lower pitch
Male vocal cords
due to androgen influence
121
___ vocal cords are thin and shorter
Female
less androgen influence
It doesn’t mean that all males are lower pitched and all females are higher pitched
122
~5 inches long
| ~1 inch in diameter
Trachea
123
Located anterior to esophagus
Trachea
124
Trachea usually extends from larynx to ____
superior border of 5th thoracic vertebra (T5)
125
Where does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi
superior border of 5th thoracic vertebra (T5)
126
Anteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the external
nose
Posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx through
two openings called the internal nares AKA
choanae
127
Internal nares AKA
Choanae
128
Semilunar hiatus
Openings of frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoidal sinuses
129
Opening of the middle ethmoid sinus
Ethmoid bulla
130
5 openings of the nasal cavity from the picture on slide 25?
Look at the slide turd
131
Septal cartilage AKA
Quadrangular
