1-83 Flashcards
branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)
Otorhinolaryngology
branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the lungs
Pulmonology
Cells in body use oxygen for many different metabolic reactions, releasing?
CO2
Excessive CO2 in the body can lead to ____ (very toxic to all cells in body)
acidosis
Excess CO2 must be eliminated effectively and efficiently.
The respiratory system helps to accomplish this along with the ____ system
circulatory
Cardiovascular and Respiratory systems work together to supply O2 and eliminate CO2
Thanks
intake of O2 and elimination of CO2 (gas exchange)
Respiratory system-
transports blood containing the gases between lungs and body cells
Cardiovascular system-
Failure of either system disrupts homeostasis and causes rapid cellular death from
Oxygen starvation
Buildup of waste products
Participates in blood pH regulation Contains receptors for sense of smell Filters inspired air Helps produce sounds (speech) Rids body of some heat and water through exhalation
Respiratory system (some extra duties…)
Respiratory system (some extra duties…)
Participates in blood pH regulation Contains receptors for sense of smell Filters inspired air Helps produce sounds (speech) Rids body of some heat and water through exhalation
Just as in the digestive system, the respiratory system has an extensive area of contact with ____ environment
external
Nose Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchi Lungs
Respiratory System consists of
Respiratory System consists of
Nose Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Trachea (windpipe) Bronchi Lungs
Respiratory Anatomy: Can be categorized structurally or by function. Two structures?
Upper and lower
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures
structural
Upper respiratory system
Upper respiratory system
structural
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx and associated structures
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
structural
Lower respiratory system
Lower respiratory system
structural
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Functional zones?
Conducting and respiratory
where filtration, warming and moistening of the air occurs
Conducting Zone-
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Conducting Zone-
Conducting Zone-
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Respiratory Zone–
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Respiratory Zone–
Respiratory Zone–
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Visible on the face
Consists of supporting framework of bone and cartilage covered by muscle and skin
Frontal, nasal and maxillae bones form bony framework
Septal nasal, lateral nasal, and alar cartilage form the cartilaginous framework
This is what makes the external nose flexible
External nares are the openings of nose seen on the face
External aspect
nose
Frontal, nasal and maxillae bones form bony framework for?
External aspect of bone
What cartilage for external nose aspect?
Septal nasal, lateral nasal, and alar cartilage form the cartilaginous framework
Large space in anterior skull that lies inferior to nasal bone and superior to maxilla
Internal aspect (nasal cavity)
Anteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the external nose
Posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx through two openings called the
internal nares (choanae)
Ducts from paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain into the
nasal cavity (internal aspect)
Paranasal sinuses include the (4)?
maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal
Slide 24, 25
for nose stuff
Roof of nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
Floor of nasal cavity?
Palatine bones and palatine processes of maxillae
Lateral wall of nasal cavity?
Ethmoid (makes the superior and middle nasal concha), maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal concha bone
Anterior portion of nasal cavity just inside the nostrils
Surrounded by cartilage
Nasal vestibule
Vertical partition in nasal cavity
Mostly hyaline cartilage
Formed from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, septal
(quadrangular) cartilage, and the vomer
Nasal septum
Formed from the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, septal (quadrangular) cartilage, and the vomer
Nasal septum
Mostly hyaline? cartilage?
Nasal septum
Nasal septum pictures?
Slide 29, 30
Produces mucous that lines the sinus cavity and drains into the nasal cavity to keep it moist
Sinus Cavities
Allow our voice to resonate better?
Sinus cavities
Gives structure to the face?
Sinus cavities
Air enters nostril passing through the
nasal vestibules
Vestibules have ___containing coarse hair which filters large dust particles
mucosa
After nasal vestibules, air then passes through the shelves formed by the nasal ____
conchae bones (turbinates)
Extend from the lateral walls towards the septum?
nasal conchae bones (turbinates)
Inferior, middle, and superior
Spaces in between these turbinates are called ____ (groove-like passageways)
meatuses
Mucous membranes (containing goblet cells and cilia) line these conchae which help catch ____ on exhalation (helps prevent dehydration)
water droplets
Views of the turbinates
38, 39, 40
Air is whirled over the ___ and through the meatuses (spaces in between)
turbinates
As air whirls over turbinates/through meatuses, This exposes the air to blood in ___ which helps to warm it
capillaries
As air whirls over turbinates/through meatuses, Mucous secreted by ___ here helps to moisten the air as well as capture smaller dust particles
goblet cells
As air whirls over turbinates/through meatuses, ___ in this region help to move mucous and trapped dust particles towards the pharynx where they can be swallowed or spit out
Cilia
Post nasal drip from movement from what nasal feature?
Cilia moving stuff towards pharynx
Funnel shaped tube?
Approximately 5in long?
Pharynx
Starts at internal nares and extends to level of cricoid cartilage (most inferior cartilage of larynx)
Pharynx
Pharynx starts at ___and extends to level of cricoid cartilage (most inferior cartilage of larynx)
internal nares
Lies just posterior to nasal and oral cavities and just anterior to cervical vertebra
Pharynx
Wall of pharynx is ___ muscle with mucous membrane at the lumen
skeletal
Relaxation of these muscles keeps the pharynx patent
Contraction of these muscles assists in deglutition
Layers of pharynx skeletal muscles?
Inner layer of longitudinal muscle
Outer layer of circular muscle
Functions as passageway for both air and food
Helps resonate speech sounds
Houses the tonsils
Pharynx
Three anatomical regions of pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
Superior portion of the pharynx
Posterior to the nasal cavity, extends to soft palate
Nasopharynx
5 openings in nasopharynx?
Two internal nares
Two eustachian tubes (auditory/pharyngotympanic tubes)
Opening into the oropharynx
Contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Also exchanges small amounts of air with eustachian tubes to equalize pressure between pharynx and middle ear
nasopharynx
Nasopharynx contains what tonsils?
pharyngeal (adenoids)
Intermediate portion of pharynx
Extends from soft palate to upper border of epiglottis (at the level of the inferior aspect of the hyoid bone)
Contains only one opening, the fauces (or mouth)
Oropharynx
Oropharynx Extends from soft palate to ____ (at the level of the inferior aspect of the hyoid bone)
upper border of epiglottis
This portion has both respiratory and digestive functions?
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
Two “pairs” of tonsils found in oropharynx?
Palatine
Lingual singular
Begins at inferior aspect of hyoid bone
Inferior end opens into esophagus posteriorly or larynx anteriorly
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
begins at ___ and opens into ____
inferior aspect of hyoid bone
esophagus posteriorly or larynx anteriorly
Oropharynx ends and begins?
Extends from soft palatae to upper border of epiglottis
“voice box”?
Larynx
Short passageway connecting laryngopharynx with the trachea
larynx
Larynx technically begins at the level of the hyoid bone (base of the tongue) and ends just after the
vocal cords
There is overlap between the ___ and larynx (hence laryngopharynx)
pharynx
Larynx lies midline in the neck, anterior to the ___ cervical vertebrae and esophagus
4th-6th
Three functions of larynx?
When open – breathing
Partially open – phonation/speaking
Closed – protecting airway from food/liquids during deglutition
How many pieces of cartilage in the larynx?
9
How many singular peices of cartilage in larynx and what are their names?
Three singular pieces
Thyroid
Epiglottis
Cricoid
How many paired pieces in the larynx?
Three paired pieces (for moving the vocal folds)
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Gives larynx a triangular shape
Present in both males and females (males is larger due to testosterone)
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple
Laryngeal ___-is what gives shape to the “point” of one’s adam’s apple
prominence
Leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that hovers/closes over the glottis (tracheal opening)
Epiglottis
Epiglottis attached to posterior aspect of ____ by thyroepiglottic ligament
thyroid cartilage
Base of epiglottis connects to the posterior surface of the ____
thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis Folds down ___ to cover the trachea
posteriorly
Epiglottis protects the trachea when food/liquids are being swallowed. When dust, smoke, food particles, liquids happen to pass into trachea, a cough reflex occurs helping to expel the material.
aight
Ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx
Cricoid cartilage
only true ring
Attached to first ring of trachea by the cricotracheal ligament
Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament and inferior ____
thyroid cartilage horns
___ cartilage is landmark for cricothyroidotomies
Cricoid
Incision is made just above this cartilage (and just below the thyroid cartilage) in the cricothyroid membrane
Triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
JUST KNOW IT EXISTS
Corniculate cartilage
Cuneiform cartilage
JUST KNOW THEY’RE PAIRED
Lining of the larynx ___ to the vocal cords is pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium which also contains
inferior
Ciliated columnar cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells
Inferior larynx contains?
Ciliated columnar cells – move trapped particles up towards the pharynx for expulsion
Goblet cells – produces mucus to help trap dust
Basal cells – provides structure/strength
Two pairs of folds for voice production?
Vestibular/Ventricular folds
Vocal folds
Superior pair
False vocal cords
Vestibular/Ventricular folds
Inferior pair
True vocal cords
Vocal folds
Although not for normal speech, these folds are useful. These close together to help hold the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity
Vestibular/Ventricular (superior; false) folds function
“Fluttering” of these false vocal cords causes distinct growling sound
Vestibular/Ventricular (superior; false) folds function
Principle structures of normal voice production
Vocal (inferior; true) folds
Laryngeal muscles attach here (the folds) as well, when they contract, it pulls elastic ligaments tight which stretch the vocal cords adducting them (narrowing the ___)
rima glottidis
Contracting and relaxing of these muscles varies the tension on the vocal cords, changing sound
laryngeal muscles
Elastic ligaments stretched between rigid cartilage
Thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Air passing over these cords produces sound. Vibrates the cords causing ___(speaking)
phonation
The greater the ___, the louder the sound
air pressure
If cords are pulled ___, they vibrate more rapidly resulting in a higher pitch
tight
If they are more ___, they vibrate less rapidly resulting in a lower pitch
relaxed
Occurs from closing all but posterior portion of rima glottidis
Whispering
Cords do not vibrate when whispering, so there is no pitch in this form of speech
Just allows air to pass through
Intelligible speech is formed by changing shape of ___ as we enunciate
As size of oral cavity changes, resonance quality change
oral cavity
all help with voice production?
Pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
They act as resonating chambers
___ sounds are made by constricting/relaxing muscles in the wall of the pharynx
Vowel
___ sounds require movement of the mouth to complete
Consonant
Muscles of face, lips, tongue help enunciation of both
vowels and consonants
___ are usually thicker and longer causing a slower vibration and lower pitch
Male vocal cords
due to androgen influence
___ vocal cords are thin and shorter
Female
less androgen influence
It doesn’t mean that all males are lower pitched and all females are higher pitched
~5 inches long
~1 inch in diameter
Trachea
Located anterior to esophagus
Trachea
Trachea usually extends from larynx to ____
superior border of 5th thoracic vertebra (T5)
Where does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi
superior border of 5th thoracic vertebra (T5)
Anteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the external
nose
Posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx through
two openings called the internal nares AKA
choanae
Internal nares AKA
Choanae
Semilunar hiatus
Openings of frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoidal sinuses
Opening of the middle ethmoid sinus
Ethmoid bulla
5 openings of the nasal cavity from the picture on slide 25?
Look at the slide turd
Septal cartilage AKA
Quadrangular
