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GLOBALISATION: 8. Contemporary issues > 8.3 Globalisation and crime > Flashcards

8.3 Globalisation and crime Flashcards

- Reasons for the emergence of global crimes, such as human trafficking, corporate crime and crimes against the environment. - Explanations of who benefits from global crime, including Marxist and feminist perspectives. - Policing and prosecuting global crime, including the benefits and challenges resulting from globalisation and new technology.

1
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

How can globalisation lead to more global crime?

A

Globalisation means an increasing no. of social, political and economic activities are no longer attached to specific countries, but are transnational and stretched across the globe.

The local/global are increasingly connected.

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2
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Aspects of globalisation that are linked to crime

A
  • Neo-liberal economic policies - includes fewer government controls over business/finance.
  • Growing global inequalities - gap between richest and poorest widens.
  • New communications technology - increase opportunities for crime.
  • Spread of consumerism.
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3
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

What kinds of global crimes have grown since globalisation began?

A
  • Illegale trade in weapons/nuclear materials
  • Illegal drugs trade
  • Human trafficking
  • Money-laundering
  • Cyber crime
  • Corporate crimes
  • Environmental crimes
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4
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Cyber crime

A

Mainly involving the internet, includes:
* Child and other pornography
* Terrorist websites
* Vrius attacks and hacking to steal data
* Identity theft
* Inter-based fraud and financial scams

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5
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

2 types of criminal network

A
  1. Established mafias
  2. Newer groups
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6
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Established mafias

A
  • Often organised around family and ethnicity.
  • Adapting to take advantage of opportunities offered by globalisation.
  • American-Italian mafia, Chinese triads etc.
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7
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Due to globalisation, what have local criminal groups become?

A

Deterritorialised (less tied to specific places), groups not collaborate with one another.

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8
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

McMafia

A

Misha Glenny (2009) - describes modern mafias as ‘McMafia’, since they behave in similar ways to legal TNCs, like McDonalds.

The difference is that instead of fast food, they provide drugs, sex, guns, body organs etc.

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9
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Human trafficking

A

The illegal movement of people from one country to another, usually for the sex trade and prostitution or for other migrant work.

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10
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Why might human trafficking occur?

A
  • Smuggling people at high costs into countries they can’t get into legally.
  • Illegally removing organs for transplants.
  • Prostitution/sexual exploitation.
  • Forced labour/semi-slavery.
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11
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

How do Tncs get away with corporate crime?

A

They are very powerful in comparison to some developing countries.

They are often protected by the existence of subsidiary companies, this means in a court case, the subsidiary is prosecuted whilst the parent TNC is protected financially and with their public image.

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12
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

What do Marxists argue about corporate crimes?

A

Corporate crimes are treated very differently from other crimes.

This is even when they have significant consequences or loss of life.

Individuals are rarely prosecuted and if they are, fines are usually insignificant compared to profits.

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13
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Examples of green crimes

A
  • Pollution (air, water, land)
  • Destruction of natural habitats leading to decline of species
  • Trafficking in endangered animals/their body parts
  • Illegal fishing/whaling
  • Deforestation
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14
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Who can global crimes be committed by?

A
  • Individuals (fly tipping…).
  • Business organisations (dumping waste).
  • States/governments (warfare, leaving mines after wars etc.).
  • Organised crime (mafias).
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15
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Who are the victims of green crime?

A

The natural world and people.

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16
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

What does Potter (2010) point out environmental harms reinforce?

What does this mean?

A

Environmental harms tend to reinforce existing social divisions.

This means the least powerful in society are most likely to be victims of green crime.

For example, waste from TNCs may be dumped in developing countries illegally, causing pollution and damaging peoples’ health.

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17
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Are environmental effects long or short-term?

A

Long-lasting and cumulative.

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18
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

What is ‘future discounting’, suggested by Giddens (2001)?

A

People and governments are better at taking action to deal with immediate problems than those which will threaten them in the future.

This is ‘future discounting’.

19
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Why is climate change a growing issue?

A

People around the world increasingly have lifestyles based around fossil fuels, advanced technology and high consumption.

They are reluctant to move away from these despite the scientific consensus on climate change and other environmental issues that can have catastrophic consequences in the future.

20
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

What is often the punishment for green crimes, rather than criminal prosecution?

A

Fines.

21
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Why are less developed countries less likely to combat green crimes?

A

They do not have the resources.

22
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

According to White (2008), why do people commit environmental crimes?

A

They have an anthropocentric world view.

23
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Anthropocentric

A

Regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence, especially as opposed to God or animals.

24
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

What do Marxists call the capitalist economic system in relation to crime?

A

Criminogenic.

25
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Criminogenic

A

(Of a system, situation or place) causing or likely to cause criminal behaviour.

26
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

Why are laws for green crimes difficult to enforce?

A

Evidence of environmental crime is often hidden and some individuals may not be aware that they are victims.

There are also different definitions of what an environmental crime is, depending on what country you are in.

27
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

How have Lynch and Stretsky (2003) suggested we should think of environmental crimes?

A

Instead of thinking of environmental crimes as the breaking of laws protecting the environment, we should use a wider approach that sees any human acts the damage the environment as crimes, regardless of whether a law is broken or not.

28
Q

Reasons for the emergence of global crimes

What is an issue with Lynch and Stretsky (2003)’s perspective of how we should approach prosecuting environmental crimes?

A

Whether an act damages the environment or not is subject to interpretation, so environmental crime can become whatever someone decides it is.

29
Q

Marxist view - Explanations of who benefits from global crime

Who do Marxists see global crime as benefitting?

What does it maintain?

A

The ruling class and maintaining the unequal capitalist system.

30
Q

Marxist view - Explanations of who benefits from global crime

How do laws reinforce inequalities, according to Marxists?

A

Laws and the ways that they are enforced reinforce inequalities since most of those found guilty, are working class and relatively powerless.

Similarly, in some countries, laws exist which prevent workers from joining trade unions or striking/protesting. This is a clear example of the criminalisation of actions that might threaten the interests of the powerful.

31
Q

Feminist view - Explanations of who benefits from global crime

Who do feminists see global crime as benefitting?

A

Global crime is seen as serving the interests of men and reinforcing a patriarchal system.

32
Q

Feminist view - Explanations of who benefits from global crime

Example of a global crime benefitting men

A

Violence against women is a global issue, however, governments are often reluctant to interfere in domestic/family life and to challenge patriarchal culture which condones or excuses abuse.

This means abuse is often not reported since victims don’t think offenders will be dealt with and may ear personal consequences.

33
Q

Feminist view - Explanations of who benefits from global crime

Honour killings

A

In South Asia, the state may not act against an offender and thereby condone the crime.

When a woman offends her family’s ‘honour’, her punishment may be viewed as deserved.

34
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

What has a rise in global crime been accompanied by?

A

More cooperation between states to act against crime.

35
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Example of state cooperation to combat crime

A

Interpol.

36
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Interpol

A

192 states belong to the international police organisation Interpol, through which police forces work together on a wide range of types of crime.

37
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Benefits and challenges of new technology

A

New technology can aid the police in tackling crime, but has also led to new type of crime, some of which require a co-ordinated, transnational response.

38
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

2 types of cyber crime

A
  • Advanced cybercrime
  • Cyber-enabled crime
39
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Advanced cybercrime

A

Involves sophisticated attacks against computer hardware and software.

40
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Cyber-enabled crime

A

More traditional types of crime, such as fraud, which have changed and taken on new forms.

41
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Problems policing cybercrime

A

Cybercrimes cross national boundaries, meaning victims/offenders may live in different areas of the world, which may have different, conflicting laws on what a crime is.

42
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Dark net/web

A

Parts of the internet not reached by search engines, where criminals try to act undetected, using specialised software to remain hidden.

43
Q

Policing and prosecuting global crime

Activities common on the dark web

A
  • Selling drugs
  • Selling weapons
  • Distributing counterfeit identities
  • Spreading child abuse material

GLOBALISATION: 8. Contemporary issues (3 decks)

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