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GLOBALISATION: 8. Contemporary issues > 8.2 Globalisation and migration > Flashcards

8.2 Globalisation and migration Flashcards

- The causes of global migration, including immigration, emigration, net migration, push and pull factors, global labour patterns and tourism. - The consequences of global migration, positive and negative, including cultural diversity, economic benefits, concerns over scarce resources and negative perceptions of migration. - Debates about who benefits from migration.

1
Q

The causes of global migration

Internal migration

A

Movement within a specific border, usually within a country or a specified boundary, e.g. EU.

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1
Q

The causes of global migration

Migration

A

The movement of people from one area to another.

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2
Q

The causes of global migration

External migration

A

Movement across political borders.

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3
Q

The causes of global migration

Immigration

A

Entering a country.

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4
Q

The causes of global migration

Emigration

A

Leaving a country.

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5
Q

The causes of global migration

Net migration

A

The difference between the no. of immigrants and emigrants during a given time period.

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6
Q

The causes of global migration

Types of migration

A
  • Economic
  • Political
  • Cultural
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7
Q

The causes of global migration

Sub-types of migration

A
  • Permanent
  • Semi-permanent
  • Temporary
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8
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of permanent economic migration

A

Workers moving to a new country.

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9
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of semi-permanent economic migration

A

Migrants moving to a new country for a short period of time for work (seasonal migration).

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10
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of temporary economic migration

A

A series of short but regular migrations between an individual’s point of origin and their ultimate destination.

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11
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of permanent political migration

A

Refugees = people forced out of their home country by war, persecution or natural disaster.

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12
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of semi-permanent political migration

A

Internally displaced people (IDPs) = may be forced away from their home through war but then return at earliest opportunity.

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13
Q

The causes of global migration

Examples of temporary political migration

A

Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, may force people to move temporarily until it is safe to return.

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14
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of permanent cultural migration

A

Retirement to another country- many elderly British people, for example, retire abroad to a warmer climate.

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15
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of semi-permanent cultural migration

A

Students moving to another country to study, sometimes for a no. of years.

16
Q

The causes of global migration

Example of temporary cultural migration

A

Tourism- both internal and external.

17
Q

Industrialisation - The causes of global migration

Fragmented industrialisation

A

Where development is concentrated in a few areas, attracts migrants from rural areas, which leads to further industrial concentration.

18
Q

Industrialisation - The causes of global migration

What does fragmented industrialisation often lead to?

Why is this, according to Khosla et al. (2002)?

A

Unemployment and low wage work.

Huge urban populations chase a limited number of jobs in the manufacturing and service industries (Khosla et al. 2002).

19
Q

Industrialisation - The causes of global migration

What is a consequence of fragmented industrialisation?

A

Migrants often end up as part of the urban poor, not finding the opportunities they are looking for (US Population Reference Bureau, 2005).

20
Q

Industrialisation - The causes of global migration

What 2 types of structural pressure is the migration from rural to urban areas normally driven by?

A
  • Push factors
  • Pull factors
21
Q

Industrialisation - The causes of global migration

Examples of push factors

A
  • Lack of employment
  • War
  • Natural disasters
  • Population pressures
  • Lack of physical resources, e.g. land.
22
Q

Industrialisation - The causes of global migration

Examples of pull factors

A
  • Availability of work
  • Better standard of living
  • Better future for children
  • Freedom from ethnic/religious persecution
  • Freedom from persecution based on gender or sexuality
  • Opportunities for education
23
Q

Industrialisation - The causes of global migration

Why does The World Bank (2005) suggest pepple move to urban areas from rural ones?

A

People move from “rural areas in search of jobs and opportunities to improve their lives and create a better future for their children.”

24
Q

Urbanisation - The causes of global migration

What is urbanisation resulting in the development of?

A

Megacities.

25
Q

Urbanisation - The causes of global migration

By 2050, what percentage of the world’s population is projected to be urban dwellers?

A

70%, compared to 30% in 1950.

26
Q

Urbanisation - The causes of global migration

Examples of megacities

A
  • Tokyo
  • Delhi
  • Sao Paulo
  • Beijing
  • London
  • Paris
  • Moscow
27
Q

Urbanisation - The causes of global migration

Megacities

A

City with an excess of 10 million people living in it’s metropolitan area.

28
Q

The causes of global migration

What have most member countries of the UN signed treaties agreeing to?

A

The protection of political refugees.

29
Q

The causes of global migration

Illegal migration

A

Undocumented workers who enter/stay in a country illegally.

Organised illegal activity, for example, arranging and selling passages, forging document and bribing officials.

30
Q

Migration trends - The causes of global migration

The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs notes a range of migration trends:

A
  • South to South migration is almost as common as South to North.
  • North to South migration is much less common.
  • Many refugees stay close to home, hoping to return.
  • Majority of migrations are driven by economic factors rather than political.
31
Q

Mass tourism - The causes of global migration

Mass tourism

A

A different but increasingly significant form of temporary cultural migration.

32
Q

Mass tourism - The causes of global migration

How is tourism both a material and non-material form of consumption?

A

People consume the leisure and they also buy goods when visiting countries.

33
Q

Mass tourism - The causes of global migration

What did Shelley and Urray (2004) analyse the relationship between tourism, consumption and change in terms of?

A

The recreation and reinvention of places as:
* Paradises that rapidly lose this characteristic through mass tourism.
* Global heritage sites where places are re-designated as ‘respectful playgrounds’.
* Remade playful places, by which global cities have ‘refashioned’ their built environments to perform as ‘attractions’ on a highly competitive global stage.
* New playful places where a fascinated middle class visit the slums of inner-city urban landscapes around the world.

34
Q

Mass tourism - The causes of global migration

What does Urry (2001) argue that western tourism increasingly involves?

A

“The search for authentic experiences involving the discovery of ‘new’ and ‘unspoilt’ places. Through their discovery and exploitation, they become no longer authentic destinations - changed by mass tourism and then discarded as tourists move on to the next ‘authentic location’”.

35
Q

The consequences of global migration

Positive consequences of global migration

A
  • Employment opportunities
  • Education opportunities
  • Remittances sent to origin countries
  • Increased export of goods
  • Greater cultural diversity in host country
  • Widening of everyone’s horizons
  • Migrant labour available in host countries
36
Q

The consequences of global migration

Negative consequences of global migration

A
  • Undocumented workers are often exploited, sometimes kept in semi-slavery conditions
  • Migration can keep wages low in host countries
  • Increased border controls
  • Migrants increasingly caught up in criminal activity
  • Fewer qualified workers left in less developed countries (Hann et al.)
  • Growth of hostility in host countries and migrants sometimes treated as criminals (Canning, 2015)

GLOBALISATION: 8. Contemporary issues (3 decks)

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