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Topic 8 - Health Human Rights and Intervention (HHR&I) > 8.3 > Flashcards

8.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Totalitarian regime?

A

A system of government that is centralised and dictatorial

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2
Q

What is an example of a totalitarian regime?

A

North Korea

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3
Q

What is a welfare state?

A

A state that has policies in place (health care, benefits, education, or social care) to ensure social progress. Spending on the wellness of all citizens is a priority.

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4
Q

What is social progress?

A

Societies have the power to improve their ability to meet basic human needs and create opportunities of people to improve their lot within society.

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5
Q

Describe France’s spending habits

A
  • G20 member, who’s investment into healthcare and education has been gradual. This can be seen as government spending increase from 2008 to 2018, from $118 million to $140 million.
  • Spent 11.5% on Health and 5.5% on Education
  • Pensioners who worked for 40 years full-time receives £15,000 in annual State pension.
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6
Q

Describe Saudi Arabia’s spending habits

A
  • G20 member
  • Between 2008-2017 only increase from 150000 to 180000 million. But massive investment of 620000 million in 2018.
  • They spent 4.7% on Health and 5.1% on Education.
  • Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system is 80% state-funded. It’s hospitals are high quality and state healthcare.
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7
Q

What impact will investing more into the social sector have on social progression?

A

A country which dedicates more funding towards the social sector, including education and healthcare is likely to have a larger profession socially. Better healthcare means more time in work. Better education means more qualifications - better jobs and higher paying jobs. This money can be taxed going back into the economy, which can be reinvested into the social sector.

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8
Q

What is an IGO?

A

Intergovernmental organisation

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9
Q

What are 3 examples of IGOs that play a role in the improvement of environmental quality, health, education and human rights?

A
  • The World Bank (GPE - Global Partnership for Education) - education and the environment.
  • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Poverty
    -The World Trade Organisation (WTO) - the environment
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10
Q

What is the World Bank?

A
  • Founding member of the Global Partnership for Education (GPE) - established in 2002.
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11
Q

What Millennium Development Goals did The World Bank help achieve?

A

Millennium Development Goals - 2&3
Goal 2 - Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3 - Promote gender equality and empower women

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12
Q

What was the Global Partnership for Education?

A
  • Aimed to develop a sound educational system for children by investing in early childhood education, including developing early reading and numeracy skills.
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13
Q

How was the Global Partnership for Education operationalised?

A

Set up early reading assessment systems so progress can be measured.

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14
Q

What people did the Global Partnership for Education focus on?

A
  • Education for girls
  • Ethnic minorities
  • Children with disabilities
  • Children in areas affected by conflict
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15
Q

How much has the World Bank invested into the Global Partnership for Education?

A

US $35 billion between 2002 and 2015

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16
Q

What has the World Bank does for the environment?

A

Climate Change Action Plan - an initiative to help developing countries (e.g. India) by adding renewable energy (30 gigawatts of renewable energy to power 150 million homes) as well as to include flood early warning systems for 100 million people and development investment in agriculture for 40 countries - all by 2020.

SUMMARY:
- Help develop renewable energy
- Help develop flood warning systems
- Invest into agriculture

17
Q

What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

A

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) played a significant role in strengthening weakening currencies and foster stronger economic development policies. It is largely involved in heavily indebted countries.

18
Q

How did the International Monetary Fund (IMF) aid countries?

A

Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs):
- Provides loans to heavily indebted countries with adjusted rates of interest and more affordable repayments

19
Q

What are Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)?

A
  • Provide loans with more affordable repayments and adjusted rates of interest.
  • Conditions where the state is forced to play a reduced part in the economy - e.g. privatisation of the state energy or water companies.
  • In addition these conditions may include playing a reduced part in social welfare - leading to reductions in government spending on health or educations.
20
Q

How has the International Monetary Fund (IMF) encourage countries to focus on reducing poverty (one of the millennium development goals)?

A
  • Poverty Reduction Programme
  • This allowed countries to focus on their own medium-term plans instead of the imposed conditions. These plans aim to organise a strategy to receive aid, loans and debt relief.
21
Q

What is an example of the IMF engaging in a poverty reduction programme?

A

Haiti - to implement development strategies to enable its economy to be more resilient, particularly after Hurricane Matthew.

22
Q

What is the role of the World Trade Organisation (WTO)?

A
  • Policies to increase trade, to promote economic development
  • Some of these policies led to environmental degradation.
  • This occurs through rainforest clearance and threats to biodiversity, as forest land is cleared to grow crops.
23
Q

In what countries has the World Trade Organsiation’s (WTO) policies led to environmental degradation?

A

Indonesia - where rainforest clearance had led to a rapid growth in palm oil production.

24
Q

How has the World Trade Organisation (WTO) aimed to tackle environmental problems?

A
  • Restricting international movement of products or species that are harmful or endangered.
  • Challenging trade agreements where there may be implications for climate change.
25
Q

What are Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

A

There were 8 goals relating to different aspects of human development that were agreed by the UN in 2000 and were to be achieved by 2015. They were for the developing world and included over 100 sub points.

26
Q

What is Goal 8 in the Millennium Development Goals?

A

Global Partnership for Development

27
Q

Describe how Millennium Development Goal 8 might be described as successful

A

Goal 8 - global partnership for development:
- Official development assistance from developed countries increased by 66%
- As of 2015, 95% of the world’s population is covered by a mobile-cellular mobile.
- Internet penetration grew from 6% of the world’s population to 43% from 2000-2015. This means 3.2 billion people are linked to a global network.

28
Q

Were Millennium Development Goals a success or failure?

A

Millennium Development Goals – Success or failure?
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - poverty fell to 14% and hunger fell by 12.5% but not eradicated.
2. Achieve universal primary education - 91% in primary education but 57 million still not attending school.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women - Gender disparity in education decreased, with SE Asia having more girls than boys in education and more women being in paid employment and parliament. However, in Latin America and the Caribbean number of women in poor households increased.
4. Reduce child mortality - 84% of children received at least measles vaccine, which prevented an estimated 15.6 million deaths.
5. Improve maternal health - Definite improvement with 36% decline between 2000 and 2013.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases - 40% decrease in HIV and 6.2 million malaria deaths were prevented.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability - Protection of marine and terrestrial areas increased - e.g. in Latin America and the Caribbean increase in protected land areas from 8.8% in 1990 to 23.4% in 2014. However, 42% of the population still do not have access to water in their homes.
8. Develop a global partnership for development - Official development assistance from developed countries increased by 66% in real terms between 2000 and 2014, reaching $135 billion from $81 billion in 2000. As of 2015, 95% of the world’s population is covered by a mobile-cellular signal. The number of mobile-cellular subscriptions has grown almost tenfold in the last 15 years from 738 million in 2000 to over 7 billion in 2015.

This would indicate that overall the millennium goals could be described as a success, as even where targets haven’t been met, it is largely the case that significant progress has still taken place.

29
Q

What goals were set after the Millennium Development Goals?

A

Sustainable Development goals

30
Q

What were the sustainable development goals?

A
  • 17 targets to build on the millennium development goals to be reached by 2030.
  • These include eradicating hunger and poverty, as well as creating a more sustainable future, on a global scale.
31
Q

What three areas of the UN Development Programme (UNDP) does the Sustainable Development Programme aim to focus on?

A
  • Sustainable development
  • Democratic governance and peace building
  • Climate and disaster resilience

Topic 8 - Health Human Rights and Intervention (HHR&I) (3 decks)

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