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Cognitive Neuroscience > 8 The Remembering Brain > Flashcards

8 The Remembering Brain Flashcards

1
Q

long term memory consists of

A

declarative and non delcarative

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2
Q

what is declarative memory

A

explicit memory

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3
Q

what is non declarative

A

implicit memory

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4
Q

short term memory

A

sensory memory

working memory

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5
Q

what does declarative memory consist of

A

events - episodic memory

facts - semantic memory

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6
Q

what is episodic memory

A

specific personal experiences from a particular time and place

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7
Q

what is semantic memory

A

world, object, language knowlege, conceptual priming

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8
Q

what does non-declarative memory consist of

A

procedural memory
preceptual representation system
classical conditioning
nonassociative learning

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9
Q

what is procedural memory

A

skills - motor and cognitive

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10
Q

what is procedural memory

A

skills - motor and cognitive

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11
Q

what is perceptual representation system

A

perceptual priming

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12
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

conditioned responses between two stimuli

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13
Q

what is nonassociative learning

A

habituation

sensitization

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14
Q

the structure-function relationship

A

• But function and structure do not match
exactly • A structure can participate in multiple
functions • A function may rely on multiple structures

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15
Q

multiple memory systems for episodic and semantic memories

A

medial temporal lobe
middle diencephalon
neocortex

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16
Q

memory system for procedural memory

A

basal ganglia and skeletal muscle

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17
Q

memory system for perceptual representation system

A

perceptual and association neocortex

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18
Q

memory system for classical conditioning

A

cerebellum

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19
Q

memory system for nonassociative learning

A

reflex pathways

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20
Q

definitions of episodic memory

A

Episodic memory is the system responsible for encoding storing and retrieving memories for personal events and episodes

Definitions depending on criteria emphasised in definitions

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21
Q

episodic memory and mental time travel

A

Mental time travel: Tulving’s definition emphasised the first-person ”mental time travel” – emphasis on re-experience

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22
Q

episodic memory and links

A

Links: Ability to create links between unrelated bits of information, making a
coherent episode – emphasis on relational memory

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23
Q

episodic memory and time and place

A

Time and Place: placing a past experience within a particular time and place- emphasis
on context

24
Q

what is retrival success dependent on in time and space episodic memory

A

Retrieval success is dependent on the ability to recollect these contextual details including the spatial-temporal context in which something took place

25
Q

what is episodic memory

A

Episodic memory is the result of associative learning
• The what, where, when and who of an episode (its context) are associated and bound together
• They can then be retrieved (and reexperienced) as a single episode
• Autobiographical memory: Personal memory
• Events from personal past (like EM)
• Semantic personal past (facts about oneself e.g., address)

26
Q

the MTL

A

The MTL is not a single structure its a group of structures deep inside the temporal lobe

27
Q

what does the hippocampus consist of

A

Hippocampus
3 cortical regions of the medial temporal lobe
Sometimes referred to as the parahippocampal gyrus

28
Q

what is in the hippocampus

A

entorhinal cortex
rhinal sulcus
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal cortex

29
Q

parrahipocampal gyrus

A

rhinal sulcus
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal cortex

30
Q

the hippocampus

A

resembles a seahorse

31
Q

hippocampus includes 3 main areas

A

dentate gyrus
cornu ammonis subfields CA1,2,3,4
subiculum

32
Q

cornu ammonis subfields (CA)

A

Subregions depending on the type of brain cells you can see in these regions
CA- Cornu ammonis - rams horn - resembles horn like shape
CA3 and CA1 - the largest - studied more extensively
CA2 CA4 - smaller not been studied very systematically

33
Q

information flow description

A

Hippocampus belongs to the medial temporal lobe system
Information flows from the cortical regions of the MTL via the entorhinal cortex into the various sub field of the hippocampus
Information is also going away from the entorhinal cortex and then the rest of the cortical regions of the MTL creating therefore a loop of information processing

34
Q

information flow -

A 
entorhinal cortex
perforant pathway
dentate gyrus 
hippo ca3
hippo ca1
hippo subiculum
35
Q

information flow within the MTL

A
  • Hierarchical organisation of the MTL: information is initially collected through the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices.
  • Then passes to the entorhinal cortex, and ultimately reaches the hippocampus
  • The cortical regions, however, do not merely funnel information to the hippocampus
  • A large network of connections both within and among the subregions of the MTL cortical regions perform extensive information processing
36
Q

extended MTL system

A

thalamus

prefrontal cortex

37
Q

memory systems and amnesia

A
  • We have learned a great deal about memory organisation by studying amnesia
  • Amnesia can arise from neurosurgery (e.g. patient HM), strokes, head injury, certain viruses or as a symptom of long-term alcoholism (Korsakoff’s syndrome)
  • Difficulties in acquiring new memories (anterograde amnesia) and remembering events from before their brain injury (retrograde amnesia)
38
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

memory impairment for information acquired prior to the cause of amnesia
inability to retrieve memories from the past from the period before the damage

39
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

deficit in learning new information after the onset of amnesia

Inability to form new memories after the damage has occurred
Normally older memories before the damage may still be accessible

More common

40
Q

can retrograde and antergrade amnesia coincide

A

Both types may coincide - especially if damage in the brain is more diffused and spread out - global amnesia -
Affects access to both remote memories from the past and impairs commitment of new memories in the LTM storage

41
Q

HM

A

lobectomy
• Included removal of the hippocampus and amygdala
o History:
• Suffered from severe, intractable epilepsy
• Foci in both medial temporal lobes
• Treated with bilateral medial temporal

42
Q

what happened to HM

A

o The Good:
• Reduced convulsions (severity and frequency)
• Improved IQ (from 104 to 118)

o The Bad:
• Minor retrograde amnesia (for events within the 2 years preceding the surgery)

o And the Ugly:
• Profound anterograde amnesia: could not form long-term memories for events after surgery

43
Q

medial temporal lobectomy

A

removed portions of medial temporal lobes - important role in memory

44
Q

HMs anterograde amnesia

A
  • Preserved memory of the past, and had good short-term/working memory
  • Could not form new long-term memories
  • Global amnesia: affecting all sensory modalities
  • Problems were limited to declarative/explicit memory

If HM engaged his working memory by repeating a number he was able to retain it in memory for about 15 minutes but this was only possible if working memory was continuously active through verbal representation

He could not form new LTM - beyond the capacity of STM if he didn’t engage his working memory then information would vanish

45
Q

digit span +1 test

A

Normal subjects à up to 18 digits • After 25 trials of this task, H.M. still could not
successfully repeat more than 7 digits

• H.M.’s main deficit: related to the transfr of information from a functioning STM to a stable LTM

46
Q

HM implicit memory - mirror drawing task

A
  • Retention of certain types of tasks by improved performance
  • Explicit (declarative) vs Implicit (non-declarative) memory

Trace a star remaining within the borders
Only able to see drawing in reflection in mirror
Practicing - HM performance improved
Substantial increase in performance
Approached task as it was the first time
No conscious memory of performing the task
Improved performance demonstrated that he could retain certain types of tasks in his LTM - implicit aspects of LTM

47
Q

what are the two types of amnesia

A

anterograde and retrograde

48
Q

damage to the MTL produces

A

Damage in the MTL produces anterograde amnesia and variable levels of retrograde
amnesia

  • STM/working memory normally intact
  • Implicit memory intact – explicit impaired

• MTL critical for making new memories and retrieving old (but see consolidation
section below)

49
Q

what does the subsequent memory paradigm aim to do

A

Aims to evaluate encoding-phase activity leading to successful (versus unsuccessful memory)

50
Q

subsequent memory paradigm

A

Experimental paradigm
Evaluate how activity at encoding leads to successful or unsuccessful memory formation

Can Brain activity at the tine of encoding predict later memory outcomes

Recording neural responses whilst pps encoding a series of words

Seen each words or not
Test memory of words
Remember or forgotten
Compare brain response for later remembered and later forgotten

51
Q

wagner et al 1998 - remembered vs forgotten stimuli

A

Activity in the left ventrolateral PFC (a) and the left MTL (b) was predictive of later remembered versus forgotten stimuli.

Should be activation within the MTL
Discriminates between later remembered vs later forgotten
This activity would indicate the successful registering of information into memory

Ability to recognise stimuli as previously encountered ones is supported by MTL at the time of registering these memories

52
Q

what is familiarity

A

Familiarity: sense of memory that a stimulus has been encountered before

Presentation of stimulus in brain matches visual stimulus in front of us
No recall of information is taking place
Just recognising something that has been encountered before

53
Q

what is recollection

A

Recollection: memory for the context or other associative information about a previous encounter with a stimulus

Old - recollecting additional details about context or details related to item
Remember specific event
Recall info about previous encounter
cued recall

54
Q

hippocampus as binder of relational memories

A
  • According to the model proposed by Eichenbaum et al. (2007):
  • The perirhinal cortex processes item representations (important for familiarity)
  • the parahippocampal cortex is assumed to process “context” (including scene perception)
  • The hippocampus binds items in context (important for recollection
55
Q

what does the perirhinal cortex process

A

The perirhinal cortex processes item representations (important for familiarity)
familiarity
visual features

56
Q

what does the parahippocampal cortex process

A

• the parahippocampal cortex is assumed to process “context” (including scene perception)
scene perception

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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