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Cognitive Neuroscience > 5 The Hearing Brain and Voice Perception > Flashcards

5 The Hearing Brain and Voice Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what does voice reveal about you

A

Voice hints at how social you are - introverts and extroverts
Your trustworthiness - deep pitch at end of word in men
Higher pitch at end of word in woman
When saying hello
Trust worthy
Stressed - vocal cords tighten - disorganised speech
Speaking slowly - in control - indicator keep emotional in check

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2
Q

what is voice dependent on

A

Voice is dependent on vocal tract
Parameters of voice dependent on anatomy
Dependent on physical state - vocal tract vibrates differently

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3
Q

study about voice revealing a lot about you

A

N = 320 participants rated social traits on “hello” spoken by 64 people
High consistency

If voices convey no information, ratings on these social traits would be random.

But Cronbach Alpha (a measure for interrater agreeableness) suggests that people consistently agree on whether a voice sounds attractive or confident.
We seem to associate voices with social traits on a collective level.

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4
Q

Many social traits are related and can be mapped to two principle
components, what are they?

A

In both genders,

The 1st Principle Component is highly correlated with Trustworthiness;

The 2nd Principle Component is highly correlated with Dominance.

they are independent of eachother

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5
Q

what can a hello tell us

A

From a simple “hello” we can quickly assess the speaker’s personality and decide whether and how to approach them.

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6
Q

how are voices transmitted

A

• Voices are transmitted via vibrations of the air.

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7
Q

what are the 3 parameters voices can be decribed as

A

pitch
intensity
tempo

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8
Q

what is pitch

A

high or low
fundamental frequency

Female or male
Stressed or sad
Vibrations of energy 
Vibrates a lot - higher frequency - high pitch
Vibrates slowly - low
How fast energy oscillates
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9
Q

pitch - vibrates alot

A

high voice

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10
Q

pitch - vibrates slow

A

low voice

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11
Q

what is intensity

A

amplitude
How far the peaks and troughs are in the voice
Loud - high

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12
Q

intenisty- loud

A

high peaks low troughs

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13
Q

intensity - quiet

A

small peaks and troughs

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14
Q

what is tempo

A

speed

how fast you talk

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15
Q

when you enjoy something

A

pitch up
intensity down
tempo down

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16
Q

when you experience elation

A

pitch up
intensity up
tempo down

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17
Q

when experience sadness

A

pitch down
intensity down
tempo down

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18
Q

when experience grief

A

pitch up
intensity up
tempo up

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19
Q

different emotions are experiences differently

A

distinct acoustic profiles

Software to analyse voice
Different emotions have different acoustic profiles
Elations increase different amount in comparison to grievances

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20
Q

can all emotions be reliably dinstinguished from each other

A

no

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21
Q

german people speaking - can the vocal emotional expressions be recognised by people from a different culture?

A

Record saying pseudosentences in different emotions
Emotion is not very clearly distinguished from other emotions
Their performance in detecting German emotions are low in comparison to European counterparts
Measures how consistent they’ve judged these emotions between pps
Indonesia - confused by German emotions

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22
Q

Indonesian and german

A

Some vocal emotions are shared cross cultures

Others may be influenced by culture- and language-specific factors

joy is most ambiguous emotion

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23
Q

what do voices convey information

A

Voices convey important socio-emotional information

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24
Q

can information be accurately decoded by the brain

A

This information can be accurately decoded by the brain:
• There must be specialised neural architecture to process voice
• And different processing pathways for different aspects of voice

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25
Q

fMRI assumptions

A

Increased neural activity needs more oxygen and glucose

fMRI detects changes in blood oxygen levels, which indirectly reflects the changes in neural activity

fMRI allows us to study cognitive activity in vivo, without causing any harm to the brain

based on assumption when brain working hard need more oxygen and glucose

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26
Q

what does the temporal voice area (TVA) show in voice perception

A

Listening to voices vs. non-vocal sounds elicits increased bilateral neural activity in the temporal cortices

It provides objective evidence that there are brain regions dedicated for voice processing

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27
Q

what is neural adaptation in speaker adaptation

A

Neural Adaptation: a gradual decrease over time in the responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus

Some brain regions will adapt to repeating speaker identity in the voice

some brain areas will adapt to repeating syllable in the voice

belin, zatorre , 2003

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28
Q

how to undersrand which part of brain responds to speaker identity

A

Understands which part of brain area responds to speaker identity
Repeat over and over - brain gets adapted to it and it no longer bothers you - e.g. constant fan
Exhaust the responsiveness of sensory system

Speaker identity - respond less when same speaker
Repeat syllables - brain area that responds to syllables will adapt - different speakers but same syllables

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29
Q

which brain area adapts to the repeating speaker identity in the voice

A

Speaker identity
Right side of brain - anterior part of temporal lobe
Part of the brain that responds to the person

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30
Q

what did grandjean et al 2005 find

A

participants pay attention to the angry voices
and the left audio
right voice area selectivey responses to angry speech

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31
Q

Are the Voice Areas necessary for voice processing?

A

Correlation is not causation

cannot say whether brain area is causally libked to voice processing

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32
Q

Is voice processing correlated with or caused by the activity in the Temporal Voice Areas?

A

We can test the effects of a disruption to the Voice Areas on the performance of voice recognition using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

33
Q

Are the Voice Areas necessary for voice processing- right temporal ?

A

Right temporal TMS impairs voice detection

TMS to individual Voice Areas impairs accuracy in voice/nonvoice discrimination compared to TMS to the Control Site

Low-level loudness discrimination is not affected by TMS to the Voice Areas.

34
Q

what isnt affected bt TMS in voice areas

A

Low-level loudness discrimination is not affected by TMS to the Voice Areas.

35
Q

what does TMS to individual voice areas impair

A

TMS to individual Voice Areas impairs accuracy in voice/nonvoice discrimination compared to TMS to the Control Site

36
Q

what can voices tell us

A

• Voices can tell us who you are and how you feel

• Speaking identity and vocal emotion are processed in different regions of the
Temporal Voice Areas.

37
Q

where are speaking identities and vocal emotions processed

A

• Speaking identity and vocal emotion are processed in different regions of the Temporal Voice Areas.

38
Q

top down processing in speech perception

A

Speech is a continuous signal that does not have punctuation or spaces
brain can extract linguistic units even when speech is a continuous signal

39
Q

what is top down processing in speech perception

A

Focuses on useful info while suppressing the noise

40
Q

what is bottom up processing in speech perception

A

takes in all external stimuli

41
Q

top down processing in brain processing

A

Brain - brain is predicting and directing behaviour in terms of how you interact with the environment - use what you know before about information from outside

42
Q

vocoded speech demonstrating speech perception

A

Natural full voice - energy distribution into different bands - stripes coherent within different roles
Speech perception - eliminate all other noises - top down processing
Brain focuses on particular voice and suppresses others

43
Q

is speech processing left lateralised

A

yes

44
Q

brocas patients

A

two patients cant speak

Both patients - left frontal part of brain - damage
Important in speech production

45
Q

wernikes patient

A

cant understand speech
Wernickes - cannot understand
Speech comprehension problem
Left posterior part of brain which connects temporal and parietal lobe

46
Q

speech

A

spectral info - full

intellibigibility- full

47
Q

rotated speech

A

spectral info - full
intelligiblity - bad
mirror image of first one
preserves energy levels but inverted

48
Q

vocoded speech

A

intelligible
spectral - bad
intelligible - partial

49
Q

rotated vocoded speech

A

spectral info - bad

intelligibility - bad

50
Q

what does wernikes and brocas produce

A

double dissociation

51
Q

what are the findings of vocoded intellibible speech in left temporal regions

A

Left temporal regions responded to intelligible speech more than rotated, unintelligible speech.

52
Q

what are the findings of vocoded intellibible speech in right temporal regions

A

Right temporal regions responded to spectrally rich speech more than vocoded speech.

53
Q

what is the acoustic uncertainty principle

A

time - trade off - frequecy

less precise in time more precise in frequency
more precise in time less precise in frewquency

54
Q

is left side more specialised in processing temporal info

A

yes

55
Q

is right slide more specialised in processing pitch and spectral

A

yes

56
Q

in music whats more important

A

spectral/pitch more important than temporal

57
Q

what more important in speech

A

temporal more important than spectral

Doesn’t matter whether female stressed
Only matters syllables, pauses whether makes sense

58
Q

what processing does speech recognition depend on

A

top down processes

59
Q

where is speech primarily processed

A

in the left hemisphere

60
Q

what are right temporal regions more specialised in processing

A

time information

61
Q

right temporal areas are more specialised in processing

A

spectral information

62
Q

what is the mcgurk effect

A

ba da va
Sent to temporal lobe trying to predict the sound coming out
Brain trying to predict

63
Q

if percieving ka and hearing pa

A

Combine the two - engage in auditory the most but also the motor region
Predict what the man is trying to say - motor system to simulate what man is trying to say

increased involvement of motor system in percieving mcgurk effects

64
Q

is speech perception complemented by speech production

A

yes

65
Q

How does the brain segment continuous speech signal into separate syllables and words?

A

Neural oscillations for speech segmentation

brain oscillations concide with the speed of talking

66
Q

most human languages have the syballic rate of

A

4.5hz

67
Q

Speech perception is informed by top-down predictions from the motor
system (predicting what the speech is likely to be)

A

true

68
Q

The motor system may modulate neural oscillations which facilitate the
segmentation of speech signal

A

true

69
Q

what is the optimal oscilation reflecting the average syllabic rate

A

Optimal oscillations = 4.5Hz which reflects the average syllabic rate across human languages

70
Q

speech is processed in a network what are the two pathways

A

Speech is processed in a network
• Dorsal “how” pathway
• Ventral “what” pathway

71
Q

what is the dorsal pathway

A

how

72
Q

what is the ventral pathway

A

what

73
Q

auditory motor connectivity

A

mcgurk illusions

neural oscillations

74
Q

angular gyrus

A

phonological buffer

75
Q

percieved gestures

A

posterior STS

76
Q

heschls gyrus

A

primary auditory cortex

77
Q

speech recognition

A

anterior STS

78
Q

semantic knowledge

A

temporal pole

79
Q

brocas area

A

planning of speech production

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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