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Cognitive Neuroscience > 1 Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

1 Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cog neuro approach provide

A

brain-based account of cognitive processes

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2
Q

give 3 examples of cognitive processes

A

thinking percieving remembering

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3
Q

how is studying cognitive processes made possible

A

technological advances in studying the brain that are safer and less crude than Penfield’s method

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4
Q

what did cognitive psychology provide

A

Cognitive psychology provided experimental paradigms and theoretical framework.

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5
Q

what does cog neuro test

A

Cognitive neuroscience tests psychological theories but local blood oxygen and RTs are just data, they do not tell us HOW things happen

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6
Q

what is priming

A

faster speed of response if you encounter the experience before

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7
Q

name the 9 methods for looking at the brain

A
  • Single unit recording
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
  • Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Functional MRI – fMRI
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging – DTI
  • Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy – fNIRS
  • Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) - ECoG
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8
Q

what is EEG

A

• Electroencephalography (EEG)

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9
Q

what is MEG

A

• Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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10
Q

what is PET

A

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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11
Q

what is MRI

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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12
Q

what is fMRI

A

Functional MRI – fMRI

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13
Q

what is DTI

A

• Diffusion Tensor Imaging – DTI

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14
Q

what is fNIRS

A

• Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy – fNIRS

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15
Q

what is ECoG

A

Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) - ECoG

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16
Q

what do these methods represent

A

98% of methods cog sci use

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17
Q

what method type invasiveness and brain property used is EEG/ERP

A

method type: recording
invasiveness: non-invasive
brain property used: electrical

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18
Q

what method type invasiveness and brain property used is single cell (and multi-unit) recordings

A

method type: recording
invasiveness: invasive
brain property used: electrical

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19
Q

what method type invasiveness and brain property used is TMS

A

method type: stimulation
invasiveness: non-invasive
brain property used: electromagnetic

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20
Q

what method type invasiveness and brain property used is MEG

A

method type: recording
invasiveness: non-invasive
brain property used: magnetic

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21
Q

what method type invasiveness and brain property used is PET

A

radio-active tracer injected in blood stream

method type: recording
invasiveness: invasive
brain property used: hemodynamic - uses some property of blood flow

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22
Q

what method type invasiveness and brain property used is fMRI

A

method type: recording
invasiveness: non-invasive
brain property used: hemodynamic - uses some property of blood flow

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23
Q

there is no best method

A

true

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24
Q

which has the lowest spatial resolution - at the level of the dendrite and neuron

A

single-cell recording

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25
Q

which has spatial resolution at the level of the neuron

A

multi-unit recording

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26
Q

which has the lowest temporal resolution

A

MEG and ERP

TMS

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27
Q

why is it not possible in brain to record from single neurons

A

dont have electrodes that are fine enough to measure a single cell
brain doesnt have pain receptors

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28
Q

Electrophysiological techniques- single cell recording

how does it work in monkeys

A

Very small electrode implanted into axon (intracellular) or outside axon membrane (extracellular)

Records neural activity from population of neurons

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29
Q

what happens in single unit recording in monkeys

A

Electrodes, consisting of thin wires, are implanted into specific areas of the brain. Recordings of brain cell activities are made by measuring the electrical potential of nearby neurons that are in close proximity to the electrode.

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30
Q

what happens in EEG

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp. The resulting traces are known as an electroencephalogram (EEG) and represent an electrical signal from a large number of neurons

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31
Q

what is EEG used for

A

developmental research

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32
Q

how many electrodes are used in EEG

A

The 10–20 system of electrodes used in a typical EEG/ERP experiment.
28
258 electrodes
the more electrodes the more precise

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33
Q

how do cells in brain talk to eachother

A

through electrical impulses

non invasive

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34
Q

what do EEG signals represent

A

EEG signals represent the change in the potential difference between two electrodes placed on the scalp in time
general activity

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35
Q

when can EEGs form ERPs

A

The EEG obtained on several trials can be averaged together time locked to the stimulus to form an event-related potential (ERP)

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36
Q

what are ERPs

A

ERPs (event related potentials) are voltage fluctuations that are associated in time with particular event (visual, auditory, olfactory stimuli)
want to know reaction to a stimulus

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37
Q

how can ERPs be recorded

A

ERPs can be recorded from the human scalp and extracted from the ongoing electroencephalogram EEG by means of filtering and signal averaging.

38
Q

what are different ERP peaks associated with in face processing

A

Different ERP peaks associated with different aspects of face processing

39
Q

what is the N170 specialised for

A

The N170 is relatively specialized for faces, recorded from right PSTS (posterior superior temporal sulcus)

40
Q

when is the posterior superior temporal sulcus active

A

when you see faces

41
Q

when is p300 active

A

when you see famous and familiar faces

42
Q

what is n and p

A

negative and positive

43
Q

N170 is a trough

A

true

44
Q

what is N170

A

perceptual coding of the face

affected by perceptual changes to image

45
Q

what is N250

A

Face recognition - identity processing

unaffected by view changes but affected by familiarity

46
Q

what is p400-600

A

person recongition
faces and names
400 - schematics
500 - know name

47
Q

comparison of ERPs in Alzheimers and control

A

A comparison between the ERPs from patients with Alzheimer’s disease and those from control subjects. A markedly reduced P300 is seen for the demented patients at each electrode site

can be seen 10 years before development

48
Q

what are the classical EEG frequencies from slowest to fastest

A

delta, theta, alpha and beta

49
Q

what happens in EEG conversion

A

Th e conversion of the raw EEG from three electrodes (F3, C3 and P3) into the four classical EEG frequencies: from slowest to fastest (delta, theta, alpha and beta)

50
Q

what happens in MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices known as SQUIDs. These measurements are commonly used in both research and clinical settings. Excellent temporal and spatial resolution

51
Q

why is MEG not used very often

A

expensive
need to be kep in dry ice
isnt readily accessible

52
Q

what do single cell studies tell us

A

Single cells studies tell us how neurons code information, by measuring their response to external stimuli

53
Q

what happens when populations of neurons are active in synchrony

A

When populations of neurons are active in synchrony, they produce an electric field that can be detected at the scalp (EEG). When many waves are averaged and linked to the onset of the stimulus, then an ERP is obtained

54
Q

what do neuronal activity generate

A

Neuronal activity generates electrical and magnetic fields that can be measured invasively (single cell recordings) or non-invasively (EEG, MEG)

55
Q

what is an ERP

A

An ERP is an electrical signature of all different cognitive components that contribute to processing of that stimulus. Systematically varying aspects of a stimulus (e.g. any face vs. famous face) may lead to variations in aspects of ERP waveform. This can tell us about the timing and independence of cognitive processes

56
Q

what happens in MRI

A

Uses differential magnetic properties of types of tissue and of blood to produce images of the brain

57
Q

what is structural imaging

A

Structural: different types of tissue (skull, gray matter, white matter, CSF fluid) have different physical properties – used to create STATIC maps (CT and structural MRI)

a photo of someones brain
x-rays
MRI machine
better image

58
Q

what happens in functional imaging

A

Functional: temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing (PET & fMRI)

59
Q

what happens in PET

A

Measures local blood flow (rCBF)
• Radioactive tracer injected into blood stream
• Tracer takes up to 30 seconds to peak
• When the material undergoes radioactive decay a positron is emitted, which can be
picked up be the detector
• Areas of high radioactivity are associated with brain activity, based on blood volume

60
Q

what does PET measure

A

measures blood volume directly

if a certain brain area is more active more blood will flow to that area

61
Q

how long does the radioactive tracer in PET take to peak

A

30 seconds

62
Q

what happens in fMRI

A
  • Directly measures the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood
  • This is called the BOLD response (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent contrast)
  • The change in BOLD response over time is called the hemodynamic response function
  • The Hemodynamic Response Function peaks in 6–8 seconds. This limits the temporal resolution of fMRI
63
Q

what does fMRI directly measure

A

Directly measures the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood
how much oxygen that has been consumed by the brain
more blood is pumped into active areas - deoxygenated blood measuring contrast between oxy and deoxy

64
Q

The Hemodynamic Response Function peaks in

A

6-8 seconds

65
Q

what is the study correlation between brain activity and stimulus timings in fMRI

A

fMRI can be used to produce activation maps showing which parts of the brain are involved in a particular mental process.

66
Q

what does fMRI measure activity in

A

Measure activity in voxels — or volume pixels the smallest distinguishable box- shaped part in 3D image

67
Q

how long is the lag in fMRI

A

5 seconds

68
Q

what is there a correlation between with brain activity

A

stimulus time

69
Q

understanding intentions of others

A

‘‘intention’’ will be always used in this specific sense, to indicate the ‘‘why’’ of an action
mirror neurons

70
Q

which brain areas are involved in intentions and context

A

Actions embedded in contexts and intentions, compared with the other two conditions, yielded a significant signal increase in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus IFG and the ventral premotor cortex PMv where hand actions are represented.

premotor mirror neuron areas, previously thought to be involved only in action recognition are also involved in understanding the intentions of others.

71
Q

What Does it Mean to Say a Brain Region is “Active”?

A

• The brain has a constant supply of blood and oxygen; if it didn’t, it would die, this
means we cannot literally stick someone in a scanner and read their thoughts
(because the whole brain would look active)

• In order to infer functional specialization, one needs to compare RELATIVE
differences in brain activity between two or more conditions

• This involves selecting a baseline or comparison condition

72
Q

what happens when a brain region is active

A

A region is “active” if it shows a greater response in one condition relative to another. If the experimenter chooses inappropriate conditions the regions of activity will be meaningless

73
Q

what is a cognitive subtraction

A

activity in a control task is subtracted from the activity in an experimental task

74
Q

who did the brain region experiment

A

peterson et al 1988

75
Q

what regions in the brain are used for recognising words

A

occipital-temporal junction

76
Q

how to work out what regions in the brain are used for recognising words

A

word - cross
passive viewing of written words vs passive viewing of fixation cross
cognitive components
word recognition

77
Q

what region of brain used for saying words

A

motor areas

78
Q

how to work out what region of brain used for saying words

A

reading aloud - passive
read aloud a written word - experiemental - cognitive- and phonology/articulation
passive viewing of written word - baseline - cognitive components

79
Q

what region of brain is used for retrieving meaning

A

inferior frontal cortex

left inferior frontal gyrus

80
Q

how do we know what region of brain is used for retrieving meaning

A

verb generation - eading
experimental - generate an action e.g. see cake say eat -cog component - retrieve meaning
baseline - read aloud - cog components

81
Q

what is the problem with cog subtractions

A

Problems: difficulty of the baseline task

if too easy - active - all vocals active when not actually active

82
Q

disagreements between imaging and lesion studies

evidence from semantic processing

A

left inferior frontal gyrus implicated by brain imaging studies of semantic memory
left anterior temporal lobe implicated in semantic dementia

83
Q

what does Devlin fMRI show

A

Areas of activation in the Semantic minus Letter categorization comparison

84
Q

what is DTI

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

85
Q

what happens in DTI

A

An imaging method that uses a modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of axons in the living brain
Measures white matter organization based on limited diffusion of water molecules in axons - axons that are mylonated - water move within and cannot escape bc of lipid covering

We can visualize connections in the brain

86
Q

what is Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)

A

Measures the same BOLD response as fMRI but in a completely different way ‘

Light’ in infrared range passes through skull and scalp but is scattered differently by oxy- v. deoxyhemoglobin

Portable and more tolerant of head movement but can’t image deep structures

87
Q

what is similar between Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and fMRI

A

measures the same BOLD
create similar pictures
done in more natrualistic settings

88
Q

what is Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) or ECoG

A

The only method that gives us the high resolution in both place and time is intercranial recording, when we record directly from the inside the human brain, when people are undergoing neurosurgery

They are placed to locate the seizure and map function (for neurosurgery purposes)

Recording straight from the cortical surface, approximately from tens of thousands of neurons

89
Q

how does intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) or ECoG work

A

hospital settings - surgery for epilepsy
remove a bit of bone to get brain and put electrodes to measure location of epilepst to map functions
if near vocal dont take out part of brain

90
Q

In tracranial recordings - in Humans (ECoG) - mukamel et al., 2010

A

recorded extracellular activity from 1177 cells in human medial frontal and temporal cortices while patients executed or observed hand grasping actions and facial emotional expressions (control condition).

Neurons in supplementary motor area SMA, and hippocampus responded to both observation and execution of actions

brain can mirror different actions -

91
Q

how to pick a neuroimaging technique

A

pick based on research question

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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