8- Perception of Action 1 Flashcards

1
Q

do humans have an extensive repertoire of body movements - Hands, face, legs, gesture, mouth

A

yes

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2
Q

do we intuitively know we have the capacity to recognise and imitate other peoples actions

A

yes

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3
Q

what is cross modal transfer

A

We can seamlessly map visual representations of actions onto our motor systems (crossmodal transfer) to produce a copy of the action

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4
Q

what do investigators think about perception-action mapping

A

Humans (unlike other species) are very good at this, so good some investigators think this ability is innate

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5
Q

developmental evidence for perception action mapping

A

infants can imitate caregiver’s facial expressions, hand and mouth movements, head turns, etc

Babies must build up a representation of the visual image of the caregiver’s face/mouth and map this onto their own motor representation of the movement

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6
Q

what did piaget think about perception-action mapping

A

Piaget thought this ability occurred no earlier than 1 year

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7
Q

meltzoff and moore 1977

A

Babies aged 12 – 21 days could imitate certain facial expressions

• Imitate specific acts (i.e., lip protrusion vs. tongue protrusion) not just whole body parts even after a delay

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8
Q

what is evidence against neonate imitation

A

Recent more rigorous study challenges previous evidence (Oostenbroek et al., 2016)
• Longitudinal study - 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks
• Large number of alternative control model behaviours
• Behaviour matching model more likely compared to some but not other control behaviours
-tongue protrusion may be elicited by observing faces

true imiatation may emerge late (6-9 months) as proposed by Piaget

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9
Q

what is intermodal matching

A
  • Neonates recognise equivalences between body transformations they see and those of their own body that they ‘feel’ themselves make
  • Baby’s emotional expressionsinduce adults to produce similar expressions, which provides the infant with a visual input to match his motor output
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10
Q

what is the model of active intermodal matching

A
visual perception of target
adult facial acts
-
supramodel representation of acts
equivalence detector
-
infant motor acts
-
proprioceptive information
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11
Q

what does active intermodal matching (AIM) include

A

AIM involves
perception and action having independent coding/representation
a specialist module for imitation
learning to associate things together

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12
Q

Other theories (IM and ASL) involve

A

• Common coding for perception and action
• Imitation part of “generalist” processes for motor control and learning
learning process is a more general thing

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13
Q

Ideomotor (IM) theory

A

motor evoked potentials
Associative Sequence Learning (ASL) – emphasises learning through experience; e.g. see consequence of own hand action
See a finger moving upwards - represent visually - if making same movement yourself - easier
nothing intrinsically special about association

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14
Q

what is the dual route model of imitation

A
  • Incorporates aspects of the other models
  • Semantic – meaningful actions, stored in repetoire
  • Visuomotor/direct – meaningless actions – mirror neurones

(Rumiati & Tessari, 2002)

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15
Q

what happens in the dual route model of imitation

A
input action
-
visual analysis
-
long term semantic memory
-
st/wm
- 
output action
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16
Q

what are mirror neurons

A

Same neuronesfound to be active when the monkey performed and watched an action

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17
Q

what did Ramachandran say about mirror neurons

A

“I predict that mirror neurons will do for psychology what DNA did for biology: they will provide a unifying framework and help explain a host of mental abilities that have hitherto remained mysterious and inaccessible to experiments”.

18
Q

what are mirror neurons general properties

A

bimodal
Discharge when individual performs an action and when they observe the same
action performed by another individual

19
Q

bimodal

A

visuo-motor neurons (i.e., respond to both visual and motor stimuli)

20
Q

do mirror neurons underpin action understanding

A

Umiltà et al. (2001) Mirror neurons active during observation of partially hidden
actions (predicts action outcome even in absence of complete visual information)

• Kohler et al. (2002) Audio- visual mirror neurons respond to the sound typically produced
by the action

21
Q

where are mirror neurons found in monkeys

A

Found in monkey area F5 of premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobe

22
Q

where are mirror neurons found in humans

A

Human homologue in Broca’s area (BA44), ventral inferior frontal gyrus (BA6), posterior parietal lobe and superior temporal lobe

23
Q

how are mirror neurons organised

A

somatotopically organised

24
Q

what are the anatomical properties of mirror neurons

what are the 3 types of neurons

A

F5 contains 3-types of neurons (direct evidence from monkeys):
– ‘action observation-related’ visuomotor neurons (mirror neurons)
– motor neurons
– Canonical visuomotor neurons (also called ‘object observation-related’
neurons)

25
what are indirect evidence of human mirror neurons
Indirect Evidence • Close link between perception and action • Behavioural • Brain Imaging (fMRI) • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
26
what is the direct evidence of human mirror neurons
recording from neurones
27
human mirror neurons - behavioural
* Faster responses when compatibility between observed and executed movements (Brass et al, 2000, 2001) * Known as ‘automatic imitation’ – lab analogue of mimicry
28
when do mirror neurons respond faster
when compatibility between observed and executed movement known as automatic imitation
29
what is an example of automatic imitation
observe upwards movemet | own action - faster to lift finger up - slower to press finger down
30
brain imaging of mirror neurons
Somatotopic activation of pre- motor and parietal cortex (Buccino et al, 2001) area correspond to observation of actions of different body parts
31
what does TMS show about mirror neurons
Use motor evoked potentials to show that observing an action produces increased motor excitability
32
what does dierct recording show about mirror neurons
Recorded from 1177 neurons in 21 patients undergoing surgery for intractable epilepsy • They observed and executed grasping actions and facial gestures • Action observation-related (‘mirror’) neurons found in medial frontal lobe (supplementary motor area; SMA) and medial temporal lobe (hippocampus)
33
how do cells repond in excecution and observation
Some cells respond with excitation during action execution during action observation, • Others respond with inhibition
34
what are the similarities across species in regard to mirror neurons
Human, monkey and dog actions • Same areas activated to movements common to all three species i.e., biting (Buccino et al., 2007) • Speech and lip-smacking activates same area in human and monkey but dog barking does not
35
what area is related to speech and motor representation of hand and mouth movement
area 44
36
which area is related to arm and head movements
BA6
37
in monkeys what happens in mirror neurons
Lateral part of F5 80% of mirror neurons related to observation of ingestive behaviours (i.e., grasping food with mouth, biting, sucking) • Remaining 20% communicative (lip-smacking)
38
in humans do actions need to be goal directed or contain an object
no - Action does not need to be goal-directed or contain an object • Meaningless movements are represented
39
in monkeys do actions need to be goal directed or contain an object
yes • Action must be goal-directed (often involve actual object) • Cannot learn novel and complex acts (involve BA46 not present in monkey)
40
what is puzzling in monkeys
Despite the presence of mirror neurons in monkey premotor cortex they do not imitate
41
if monkeys dont imitate what are mirror neurons for?
Mirror neurons enable non-human primates to infer intention of action (goal-directed) but not low-level kinematic description of movement needed for imitation (Lynons et al., 2006)