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Perception and Action > 10 - motor control 1 > Flashcards

10 - motor control 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how do we control our movements?

A

most actions require

  • multiple muscles
  • precise timing - between the two hands
  • multiple components of movement
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2
Q

what are the higher cognitive aspects of motor control

A 
Include: 
• Planning and timing 
• Sequencing 
• Imagery (cf mirror neurones) 
• Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)
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3
Q

applications of understanding motor control

A 
Include: 
• Planning and timing 
• Sequencing 
• Imagery (cf mirror neurones) 
• Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)
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4
Q

key cortical motor areas

A 
prefrontal cortex
premotor cortex
supplementary motor cortex
primary motor cortex
central sulcus
primary somatosensory cortex
posterior parietal cortex
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5
Q

what does the primary motor cortex control

A

execution

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6
Q

what does the premotor cortex control

A

preperation of actions

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7
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex control

A

higher level of planning

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8
Q

what does the parietal cortex control

A

sensory-motor links

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9
Q

primary motor cortex - organisation

A

• Pre-central gyrus
• Somatotopic organisation (from soma “body” and topos “place”)
• Activation in particular parts of M1 causes movement of particular body parts on opposite
side
tms - moving sccross motor cortex effects movement

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10
Q

what happens in brain lesions

A

Stroke affecting one side of the brain can affect movement of the opposite side of the body

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11
Q

what is Hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side

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12
Q

what is Hemiparesis

A

weakness of one side

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13
Q

how does M1 code movements

A
  • Cells in M1 have a preferred direction of movement

* Populations of cells code the direction of movement - vector coding

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14
Q

what happens in M1

A

somatotopic activation

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15
Q

how is the primary somatosensory cortex mapped

A

somatotopic mapping

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16
Q

what is M1

A

primary motor cortex

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17
Q

what are the connections in M1

A

input from supplementary motor area, premotor area and primary somatosensory area

output to spinal cord - control of muscles

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18
Q

frontal eye fields

A

Eye movements are controlled by a different cortical area

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19
Q

what do bodily movements rely more on

A

proprioreception - need to know where your body is in space

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20
Q

what are the two main types of eye movement

A
  1. Saccades

2. Smooth pursuit

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21
Q

what are saccades

A
  • Fastest movement we make, up to 1000 deg/sec Right
  • Duration 20-200 ms
  • Perception is suppressed during the movement - otherwise wed see a lot of blurring

very fast eye movements make all the time
degrees of visual angle
as explore visual scene drawn to different parts on the screen

22
Q

what is smooth pursuit

A

• Smooth tracking movement
• Up to approx 50 deg/sec
• Not usually observed in the absence of a stimulus
- cant move eyes smoothly unless theres something to follow
Slower than saccadic eye movements E.g. following a finger

23
Q

what happens in the lateral premotor cortex

A
  • Lateral Premotor Cortex – externally generated actions
    E.g. metronome going - tap finger in time with it
    Something is telling you timing of what you ought to be doing
24
Q

what happens in the supplementary motor area

A

• Supplementary Motor Area – (medial PC) internally generated actions e.g. well learnt
sequences
Voluntary initiations - you decide when going to go - dont wait for green man just go when ready to go

25
Q

what is the premotor cortex important for

A

importan for coordinating actions between different limbs or muscles

26
Q

which are the areas more active in more difficult bimanual tasks

A

cerebellum - sub-cortical area
SMA - supplemementary motor area
pre-motor area

good at cooridnating between the hands

People who are drummers often learn to dissociate between the hands to do more complex rhythms

27
Q

what happens in sequence learning

A 
faster and more accurate movements
change from effortful to automatic
practiced over and mover - less errors
learned to produce sequence
e.g. piano, touch type, driving
28
Q

what happens in sequence learning

A

changes over time

29
Q

what brain areas decrease activation with changes over time

A

dorsolateral prefrontal
lateral premotor cortex
primary motor

30
Q

what brain areas increase activation with changes over time

A

supplementary motor area

31
Q

TMS in SMA

A

Repetitive TMS to block activity

• SMA only interfered with performing the most complex sequence

32
Q

is prefrontal higher level

A

Choosing what action to perform (e.g. which finger, Frith et al. 1991)
• Attention to action – when difficult or learning
• Longer term goals and intentions - deciding what and what not to do
• Not specific to action, e.g. generating random numbers

33
Q

what can prefrontal lesions produce

A

perseveration
utilisation behaviour
disinhibition
frontal apraxia

34
Q

what is perseveration

A

Perseveration – repeat same action when no longer relevant

35
Q

utilisation behaviour

A

Utilisation behaviour – act on irrelevant (or inappropriate) object in environment

Patient with prefrontal damage - picks up glasses and puts them on - neurologists glasses - glasses invite you to put them on
E.g. take someone elses drink - socially unacceptable
Doing actions when shouldn’t be done

36
Q

disinhibition

A

e.g. antisaccade task

37
Q

frontal apraxia

A

Frontal apraxia – not able to follow steps in routine tasks (e.g. making tea)

38
Q

what is antisaccades

A

Required to look in opposite direction to the target
• Must inhibit (pre-potent) tendency to look at target

Look in opposite direction - dont look at target - move in opposite direction

In patient with prefrontal lesions - more errors - look in direction of target when should be looking in other direction

39
Q

normal and shallice model - what is contention schedulling

A

selects appropriate schema
automatic
dont pay any attention

40
Q

what is supervisory attentional system

normal and shallice model

A

required for novel/less automatic decisions
need when learning a new system
tired- more likely to make errors when SAS doesnt kick in

41
Q

what is perseveration as an action error

A

unable to change schemas when no longer appropriate

42
Q

what is utilisation behaviour as an action error

A

schemas activated by environment without SAS suppressing them

43
Q

what can damage to the parietal cortex lead to

A

apraxia

inability to perform skilled purposeful movement

44
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

Representing where things are mapped out in world - important
Performing and understanding movements

45
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

Idea and execution disconnected – retain knowledge of action
• Can recognise action performed by another
• Fail in pantomiming action (e.g. body part as tool) - e.g. hand as toothbrush rather than person doing brushing
• Can perform sequence but not components

46
Q

what are the subcortical motor areas

A

basal ganglia

cerebellum

47
Q

cerebellar patients can lead to

A

• Action tremor - tremor of body during action - contrasts with parkinsons disease
• Dysmetria – over and undershooting of movements - movements are too big or small for whats needed
• Deficits in:
– coordinating across joints
– Motor learning
– Timing

overshoort in random saccade task
finger to nose test

48
Q

how many people have parkinsons disease

A

1 in 1000, 1 in 100 over 65

issues in the basal ganglia

49
Q

what are the 3 cardinal motor systems

A

bradykinesia - slow movement
tremour - resting
rigidity - stiffness when moving joint
shuffling

50
Q

what causes parkinsons

A

death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compactica

51
Q

writing in parkinsons

A

Small in size
• May reduce while writing - fatigue
micrographia - smaller in size

Perception and Action (7 decks)

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