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Perception and Action > 11 - Motor Control and Disorders of Action > Flashcards

11 - Motor Control and Disorders of Action Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 basal ganglia disorders

A

– Parkinson’s disease
– Huntington’s disease
– Tourette syndrome

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2
Q

whats in the basal ganglia

A 
putamen
caudate nucleus
thalamus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
global pallidus
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3
Q

what is the direct pathway in the basal ganglia

A

allows desired movements to occur

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4
Q

what is the indirect pathway

A

prevents undesired movement occurring

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5
Q

MUST LOOK AT POWERPOINT

A

LOOK AT POWERPOINT

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6
Q

parkinsons

A

underactive direct pathway
overactive indirect pathway
both lead to increased inhibiion of the thalamus and reduced excitation of the cortex
slower and shorter movements

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7
Q

treatment for parkinsons

A

L-dopa

lesions and deep brain simulation - surgery

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8
Q

whats the problem with L-dopa

A

drug induced dyskinesias

extra undesired movements

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9
Q

what is deep brain stimulation

A

pacemaker in chest - position an electrode targetting basal ganglia switch of targetted cells

Battery-operated stimulator delivers electrical stimulation to targeted areas

• Targets - thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and globuspallidus

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10
Q

what does deep brain stimulation do

A

reduces effect of indirect pathway
reduced activity in the sub thalamic nucleus
greater excitation of motor cortex

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11
Q

is there treatment for huntingtons

A

no

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12
Q

is there treatment for huntingtons

A

no

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13
Q

huntingtons

A

inherited, autosomal dominant condition • Onset in 30’s or 40’s
• Chorea – uncontrolled movements
• Degeneration of putamen and caudate

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14
Q

huntingtons brain

A

enlarged lateral ventricles

cortical degeneration

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15
Q

HD and basal ganglia

A

underactivity of indirect pathway

too much movement

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16
Q

cognitive impairments of HD

A
  • Attention
  • Executive function
  • Speed of processing
  • Prospective memory
  • Emotion recognition
17
Q

Tourette

A
  • Simple tics e.g. eye blinking, nose twitching
  • Complex tics e.g. scratching, gestures, utterances
  • May increase during times of stress and decrease when concentrating
18
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

Tourette Syndrome
• >1000 per 100,000 children (greater than 1 in 1000)
• Hereditary
• Links to obsessive-compulsive behaviours
• Developmental

19
Q

TS and basal ganglia

A

increased dopamine from substantia nigra
overactivity of direct pathway - disinhibition of an unwanted movement
opposite of Parkinson’s

20
Q

TS - aberrant selection

A

aberrant focus of activity in striatum leads to activity in direct pathway
disinhibition of undesired movement
may also explain obsessive compulsive behaviours
dopamine overactivity

21
Q

basal ganglua - direct pathway - excitatory

A

underactive

22
Q

basal ganglua - indirect pathway - inhibitory

A

overactive - slow movement

23
Q

huntingtons disease - indirect pathway

A

underactive

24
Q

tourette - direct

A

overactive - allowing tics

25
Q
A 
Moving and the Environment in PD 
• Detrimental - ‘Freezing’ – edges of doorway 
• Beneficial - Paradoxical movement 
• Internal v. external movements 
• Cueing of movement usedtherapeutically
26
Q

Could observing actions be more effective at driving movement?

A
  • Viewing a reaching movement facilitates own reach (Castiello et al., 2009)
  • Action observation and physiotherapy helpful for freezing (Pelosin et al., 2010)
27
Q

Action Observation plus Motor Imagery (AO+MI)

A

Action Observation plus Motor Imagery (AO+MI)
• MI or attention instructions produced greater vertical amplitude (height) in healthy young participants
Also boosted imitation of amplitude in people with Parkinson’s

28
Q

Focus Group: potential intervention

A

Focus Group: potential intervention
• Examples of observation/imitation in daily life: – Gym/yoga/exercise class, when walking
• Examples of movement imagery: getting out of bed
• Range of actions to train: using mouse, brushing teeth, folding laundry, turning pages
• Importance of choice/personalisation
• Motivation

Perception and Action (7 decks)

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