8. Motor Development & Cognition in Infancy Flashcards
At 1-3months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: stepping reflex, lifts head, sits with support
fine: grasps object if placed in hands, sucks, control of eye movement, smiles
At 2-4months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: lifts head with use of arms for support
fine: grasps cube when placed near hand
At 5-8months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: sits without support
fine: reaches for and grasps object, using one hand
At 5-10months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: stands with support
fine: points at object, pincer grip (thumb and finger)
At 5-11months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: crawls
fine: grasps spoon, learns to direct food to mouth
At 10-14months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: stands and walks alone
fine: puts objects in containers, builds block towers, first meaningful word
At 13-18months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: walks backwards and sideways, runs, climbs, walks up stairs
fine: holds crayon with fingers, scribbles
What task is used to test what infants know about numbers?
violation of expectancy task
- event is either possible or impossible
At 18-30months what are an infants gross motor and fine motor skills?
gross: runs easily, jumps, skips
fine: picks up small objects, vocab and articulation improves massively
What impairs early motor development?
- poor muscle strength
- under developed motor co-ordination
How can the discrepant findings in object permanence be explained?
- some study childrens looking patterns, others study childrens actions
- they show object permanence when measured by looking
What is cognition?
- how we form, use and act upon internal thoughts and states
What is the advantage of walking compared to crawling?
- covers space more quickly
- gives access to more distant objects
- affords better visual input
- allows different interactions with others
What is perception?
- how we see, hear or directly experience the world
What did Piaget find in respects to object permanence?
- prior to 9 months, infants made no response to an object after it was hidden
- by around 9 months, infants were able to search for objects that were out of view
What is object permanence?
- the ability to understand that even if an object can no longer be seen, it still exists
How can object permanence be measured?
What did this find?
- violation of expectancy paradigm
- showed object permanence was present in 6-8month olds
- they looked at the impossible event longer than the possible event
- seem to know the block exists when out of site
What did the A not B task find?
- around 9 months infants persisted in reaching to the old location, even if they have seen where the object is
- there is no deception
- by 12 months they correctly reach to the new location
What are the two ways in which infants demonstrate understanding of number?
- precise understanding of very small numbers
- approximate understanding of large numbers
What is the approximate number system?
- as well as individuating small numbers, infants possess a system for estimating large numbers
How does the approximate number system change with age?
- improves
