[8] MIDTERMS | RESPIRATORY DRUGS Flashcards
LOWER RESPIRATORY DISORDERS (3)
- Common colds
- Acute Rhinitis
- Allergic Rhinitis
ANTIHISTAMINE
- Compete with Histamine receptors
H1 Blocker or H1 Antagonist
ANTIHISTAMINE
- Histamine is synthesized and stored in ____ and ____
- Histamine release may be triggered by ____ and ____ mechanisms.
- Histamine is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils
- Histamine release may be triggered by allergic and nonallergic mechanisms
ANTIHISTAMINE
- There are two major classes of histamine receptors, called ____ and ____.
- Activation of ____ causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, itching, bronchoconstriction, and CNS effects.
- Activation of ____ causes release of gastric acid from parietal cells of the stomach.
- There are two major classes of histamine receptors, called H1 receptors and H2 receptors.
- Activation of H1 receptors causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, itching, bronchoconstriction, and CNS effects.
- Activation of H2 receptors causes release of gastric acid from parietal cells of the stomach.
ANTIHISTAMINE
- Histamine is an important mediator of ____, but is only a minor contributor to ____.
- Histamine is an important mediator of mild allergic reactions, but is only a minor contributor to severe (anaphylactic) reactions.
ANTIHISTAMINE
- There are two major classes of histamine receptor antagonists: ____, which are used to treat mild allergic reactions, and ____, which are used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers.
- ____ relieve allergic symptoms by blocking histamine receptors on small blood vessels, capillaries, and sensory nerves. These drugs do not block release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
- There are two major classes of histamine receptor antagonists: H1 receptor antagonists, which are used to treat mild allergic reactions, and H2 receptor antagonists, which are used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers.
- Histamine 1 receptor antagonists relieve allergic symptoms by blocking histamine receptors on small blood vessels, capillaries, and sensory nerves. These drugs do not block release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
Used to block the release or action of histamine; a chemical mediator of inflammation that increases secretions and constricts air passageway
ANTI-HISTAMINE
ANTIHISTAMINE
- ____ frequently cause sedation and anticholinergic effects; ____ rarely cause either.
- ____ from first-generation H1 receptor antagonists can be intensified by alcohol and other drugs with ____ actions.
- First-generation H1 receptor antagonists frequently cause sedation and anticholinergic effects; second-generation agents rarely cause either.
- CNS depression from first-generation H1 receptor antagonists can be intensified by alcohol and other drugs with CNS-depressant actions.
ANTIHISTAMINE
____ can cause severe respiratory depression, especially in very young patients. Not used in children < 2 years old. Use cautiously for children > 2 years old.
Promethazine [Phenadoz] can cause severe respiratory depression, especially in very young patients. Not used in children < 2 years old. Use cautiously for children > 2 years old.
ANTIHISTAMINE
1st GENERATION
S/E
- Drowsiness
- ____
- Fatigue
- ____
Anticholinergic effects
- Dry mouth
- ____
- ____
- Wheezing
1st GENERATION
S/E
- Drowsiness
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Disturbed coordination
Anticholinergic effects
- Dry mouth
- Urine retention
- Blurred vision
- Wheezing
ANTIHISTAMINES
SECOND GENERATION
- No ____ antihistamine
- Little or no effect of ____
- Fewer anticholinergic symptoms
- ____ (Zyrtec)
- ____ (Allegra)
- ____ (Claritin)
SECOND GENERATION
- No sedating antihistamine
- Little or no effect of sedation
- Fewer anticholinergic symptoms
- Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
- Fexofenidine (Allegra)
- Loratidine (Claritin)
ANTIHISTAMINES
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
- Avoid use of ____
- Advise to avoid ____ and operating dangerous equipment
- Administer with foods or milk to avoid GI upset
- Increase ____
- Antihistamines should be avoided during the ____ of pregnancy and in nursing mothers and newborn infants.
- Exercise caution when treating young children, older adults, and patients with conditions that may be aggravated by ____, including asthma, urinary retention, ____, hypertension, and ____
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
- Avoid use of alcohol
- Advise to avoid driving vehicles and operating dangerous equipment
- Administer with foods or milk to avoid GI upset
- Increase Oral Fluid Intake (OFI)
- Antihistamines should be avoided during the third trimester of pregnancy and in nursing mothers and newborn infants.
- Exercise caution when treating young children, older adults, and patients with conditions that may be aggravated by muscarinic blockade, including asthma, urinary retention, open-angle glaucoma, hypertension, and prostatic hypertrophy
ANTIHISTAMINES
Administration Routes
- All H1 blockers used for systemic therapy can be given PO.
- Some can also be administered IM, IV, or by rectal suppository.
Administration Routes
- All H1 blockers used for systemic therapy can be given PO.
- Some can also be administered IM, IV, or by rectal suppository.
ANTIHISTAMINES
Administration
* Advise patients to take ____ antihistamines with food if GI upset occurs.
* Warn patients not to ____ enteric-coated preparations.
* Teach patients how to administer ____ tablets
Administration
* Advise patients to take oral antihistamines with food if GI upset occurs.
* Warn patients not to crush or chew enteric-coated preparations.
* Teach patients how to administer orally disintegrating tablets
ANTIHISTAMINES
Minimizing Adverse Effects
* ____ - Caution patients to exercise extreme caution when driving or doing other hazardous activities
* ____ - Advise patients that dryness of the mouth and throat can be reduced by using hard sugarless candy and taking frequent sips of liquid
* ____ - Advise patients that GI disturbances (nausea, vomiting) can be minimized by taking antihistamines with meals
* ____ – Warn patient against the use of alcohol
Minimizing Adverse Effects
* Sedation - Caution patients to exercise extreme caution when driving or doing other hazardous activities
* Anti-cholinergic effects - Advise patients that dryness of the mouth and throat can be reduced by using hard sugarless candy and taking frequent sips of liquid
* Gastrointestinal Distress - Advise patients that GI disturbances (nausea, vomiting) can be minimized by taking antihistamines with meals
* CNS Depressants – Warn patient against the use of alcohol
NASAL AND SYSTEMIC DECONGESTANT
Dilation of nasal vessels due to infection, inflammation, or allergy
Nasal Congestion
NASAL AND SYSTEMIC DECONGESTANT
NASAL AND SYSTEMIC DECONGESTANT (4)
* ____ - stimulate the alpha adrenergic receptor producing vascular constriction of capillaries within the nasal mucosa
* ____
* ____
* ____
Systemic Decongestant (3)
* Epherine (Ephidrine)
* ____
* Pseudoephedrine
S/E:
* Jitery
* Nervous
* Increased BP and Blood Glucose
NOTE: use after ____ (rebound tenderness)
NASAL AND SYSTEMIC DECONGESTANT (4)
* Nasal Decongestant - stimulate the alpha adrenergic receptor producing vascular constriction of capillaries within the nasal mucosa
* Nasal spray or drops
* Tablet/Capsule
* Liquid form
Systemic Decongestant (3)
* Epherine (Ephidrine)
* Phenylephrine
* Pseudoephedrine
S/E:
* Jitery
* Nervous
* Increased BP and Blood Glucose
NOTE: use after 5 days (rebound tenderness)
NASAL AND SYSTEMIC DECONGESTANT
- ____ (e.g., phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine) reduce nasal congestion by activating ____ receptors.
- This causes ____, which in turn causes shrinkage of swollen membranes, followed by nasal drainage.
- In patients with allergic rhinitis, sympathomimetics relieve only ____ . They do not reduce rhinorrhea, sneezing, or itching.
- In addition to their use in allergic rhinitis, sympathomimetics can ____ associated with sinusitis and colds.
- Sympathomimetics (e.g., phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine) reduce nasal congestion by activating alpha1-adrenergic receptors.
- This causes vasoconstriction, which in turn causes shrinkage of swollen membranes, followed by nasal drainage.
- In patients with allergic rhinitis, sympathomimetics relieve only stuffiness. They do not reduce rhinorrhea, sneezing, or itching.
- In addition to their use in allergic rhinitis, sympathomimetics can reduce congestion associated with sinusitis and colds.
INTRANASAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS
INTRANASAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS
* Treatment for ____
* Decrease allergic rhinitis symptoms (Rhinorrea, Sneezing, Congestion)
* Ex. (4)
INTRANASAL GLUCOCORTICOIDS
* Treatment for allergic rhinitis
* Decrease allergic rhinitis symptoms (Rhinorrea, Sneezing, Congestion)
* Ex. Beclomethasone, Budesoniode, Dexamethasone, Flunisolide
ANTITUSSIVE
ANTITUSSIVE
* Suppresses cough reflex on the ____
* ____ and ____ cough suppressants
* Used when coughing becomes ____
ANTITUSSIVE
* Suppresses cough reflex on the Medulla Oblongata
* Narcotic and non-narcotic cough suppressants
* Used when coughing becomes detrimental to pt’s progress
ANTITUSSIVE
NARCOTICS
* Codeine
* ____ (Robbitusin AC)
* Benzonatate
* ____
* Can cause drowsiness, dizziness, nause, constipation, and ____
NON-NARCOTICS
* ____ (Tessalon)
* Butamirate Citrate
* ____ - does not depress the respiratory system
NARCOTICS
* Codeine
* Guiafenessin and Codeine (Robbitusin AC)
* Benzonatate
* Hydrocodone
* Can cause drowsiness, dizziness, nause, constipation, and respiratory depression
NON-NARCOTICS
* Benzonatate (Tessalon)
* Butamirate Citrate
* Dextromorphan Hydrobromide - does not depress the respiratory system
ANTITUSSIVE
- ____ is the most effective cough suppressant available. The drug is active ____ and can decrease both the frequency and intensity of cough.
- Like all other opioids, codeine can ____. Accordingly, the drug should be employed with caution in patients with reduced respiratory reserve. In the event of overdose, respiratory depression may prove ____.
- An ____ should be used to reverse toxicity.
- Codeine is the most effective cough suppressant available. The drug is active orally and can decrease both the frequency and intensity of cough.
- Like all other opioids, codeine can suppress respiration. Accordingly, the drug should be employed with caution in patients with reduced respiratory reserve. In the event of overdose, respiratory depression may prove fatal.
- An opioid antagonist (e.g., naloxone) should be used to reverse toxicity.
ANTITUSSIVE
- ____ [Tessalon, Zonatuss] is a structural analog of two local anesthetics: ____ and ____.
- The drug suppresses cough by decreasing the ____ (components of the cough-reflex pathway).
- Adverse effects are usually mild (e.g., sedation, dizziness, constipation). Nonetheless, severe effects can occur in children and adults.
- In children younger than ____, accidental ingestion of just one or two capsules has been fatal. In older children and adults, overdose can cause ____, dysrhythmia, and ____. Smaller doses can cause confusion, chest numbness, visual hallucinations, and a burning sensation in the eyes.
- If the capsules are sucked or chewed, rather than swallowed, the drug can cause laryngospasm, bronchospasm, and ____. Accordingly, benzonatate capsules should be ____.
- Benzonatate [Tessalon, Zonatuss] is a structural analog of two local anesthetics: tetracaine and procaine.
- The drug suppresses cough by decreasing the sensitivity of respiratory tract stretch receptors (components of the cough-reflex pathway).
- Adverse effects are usually mild (e.g., sedation, dizziness, constipation). Nonetheless, severe effects can occur in children and adults.
- In children younger than 2 years, accidental ingestion of just one or two capsules has been fatal. In older children and adults, overdose can cause seizures, dysrhythmia, and death. Smaller doses can cause confusion, chest numbness, visual hallucinations, and a burning sensation in the eyes.
- If the capsules are sucked or chewed, rather than swallowed, the drug can cause laryngospasm, bronchospasm, and circulatory collapse. Accordingly, benzonatate capsules should be swallowed intact.
ANTITUSSIVE
- Dextromethorphan is the most effective over-the-counter (OTC) nonopioid cough medicine, and the most widely used of all cough medicines.
- Like the opioids, dextromethorphan acts in the CNS. Dextromethorphan is a derivative of the opioids; however, it does not produce typical opioid-like euphoria or physical dependence.
- Nonetheless, when taken in high doses, dextromethorphan can cause euphoria, and is sometimes abused for this effect