8. Marketisation Policies 1980s

Question 1

Define Marketisation

Answer 1

Tightly tied to privatisation - services which were previously controlled by government or local authorities are given freedom of control to operate like an independent business

Question 2

What are the market forces schools were now subject to?

Answer 2

1. Supply and demand
2. Competition
3. Consumer choice

Question 3

In the 1980s what did schools begin to operate like?

Answer 3

Private businesses.

Question 4

What did the Conservative party at the time favour?

Answer 4

The neoliberal ideology of marketisation of education based on competition and choice which helps promote better standards.

Question 5

Before 1988 where were most parents encouraged to send their children?

Answer 5

Encouraged to send children to their local schools

Question 6

What were the key aims of the Education Reform Act 1988?

Answer 6

-Give more control to parents and schools
-Raise educational standards through competition and choice
-Create an identical curriculum across the country
-Make schools accountable through Ofsted inspections and League tables.

Question 7

Define Parentocracy

Answer 7

A Childs education depends on the choice of their parents rather than their ability.

Question 8

What does parentocracy reflect?

Answer 8

Political ideology

Question 9

AO3 of parentocracy

Answer 9

More affluent parents are able to make more effective choices than other parents

Question 10

What are 3 factors helping parents choose schools?

Answer 10

1. School diversity
2. Ofsted inspection reports
3. School league tables

Question 11

What has grown since 1980?

Answer 11

Growing range of different types of state funded schools

Question 12

Give examples of some state-funded schools

Answer 12

-Community schools
-Academies
-Free schools
-Grammar schools
-Faith schools

Question 13

1. League tables, cream-skimming, educational triage: Which schools will be in higher demand?

Answer 13

Schools with higher exam results will be in higher demand

Question 14

1. League tables, cream-skimming, educational triage: What does more demand for high exam results schools encourage?

Answer 14

Encourages schools to raise standards and climb league tables.

Question 15

Define Cream-skimming

Answer 15

Good schools can be more selective choosing the highest achieving.

Question 16

Define Silt-shifting

Answer 16

Schools avoid taking less able pupils who may damage their position in league tables eg working class pupils

Question 17

1. League tables, cream-skimming, educational triage: Which schools can’t be selective with their pupils?

Answer 17

Schools in lower positions can’t be selective so results stay low and the school is unattractive to MC parents.

Question 18

1. League tables, cream-skimming, educational triage: What do league tables encourage?

Answer 18

League tables encourage educational triage - focus is on grade 3/4 students so they pass their GCSE

Question 19

Define Formula funding

Answer 19

Where schools are allocated funding based on a number of factors

Question 20

2. Formula funding: What are the factors formula funding is based on?

Answer 20

-Pupil characteristics (ages, specific needs, number of pupils)
-School characteristics (location, primary or secondary)
-Local area factors (cost of living, level of deprivation)

Question 21

2. Formula funding: Which schools get more funds?

Answer 21

Popular schools meaning they can afford experienced teachers leading to high exam results and high positions in league tables.

Question 22

2. Formula funding: What can’t schools in lower position afford?

Answer 22

Experiences teachers so results stay low and the school remains unpopular.

Question 23

2. Formula funding: Result of formula funding?

Answer 23

Popular schools with good results & MC pupils thrive. Schools with mostly WC pupils fail so funding is further reduced.

Question 24

2. Formula funding: Conclusion of formula funding?

Answer 24

Competition orientated education systems reproduce social class inequalities

Question 25

3. Myth of parentocracy: Who do marketisation policies advantage?

Answer 25

MC parents

Question 26

3. Myth of parentocracy: What are the 3 types of parents identified?

Answer 26

-Privileged skilled chooser -Disconnected local choosers -Semi skilled choosers

Question 27

3. Myth of parentocracy: Who are the Privileged skilled choosers?

Answer 27

Professional MC parents that use their cultural, social and economic capital to take advantage of choses open to them.

Question 28

3. Myth of parentocracy: Who are the Disconnected local choosers?

Answer 28

WC parents with respected choices due to lack of capital.

Question 29

3. Myth of parentocracy: Who are the Semi skilled choosers?

Answer 29

Mainly WC parents but are more ambitious for their children, rely on other peoples opinions of schools.

Question 30

Define Privatisation

Answer 30

When services once owned and provided by the state are now tranferred to private companies.

Question 31

What are the 2 main types of privatisation in education?

Answer 31

1. Endogenous 2. Exogenous

Question 32

Define Endogenous

Answer 32

Privatisation of education within the system, schools and universities operate more like private businesses

Question 33

Examples of Endogenous privatisation

Answer 33

-Competition between schools for students -Efficient running of schools -Performance related pay for teachers -League tables & inspections

Question 34

Define Exogenous

Answer 34

Privatisation outside the education system, private profit making businesses deliver parts of education previously run by the state.

Question 35

Examples of Exogenous privatisation

Answer 35

-School services eg training, maintenance, catering & cleaning. -Management -School inspections eg Ofsted -School branding eg website construction, logo -External exams

Question 36

Positive evaluation of privatisation

Answer 36

-More business like so schools more efficient, more children educated to a higher standard. -More choice for parents -Profit motive may encourage companies to improve schools with poor quality education.

Question 37

Negative evaluation of Privatisation

Answer 37

-Money may be drained from the education system -Cherry picking which schools to improve -Private companies may go out of business leaving children without schools -Making money may override needs of children.