6. Internal processes

Question 1

Describe social action theory/ Interactionism

Answer 1

A micro approach (small scale) detailed research of what happens in schools and effects on individuals

Question 2

What is Ethos?

Answer 2

The choices schools make about their priorities and values e.g valuing and encouraging pupils, communication with parents, school trips

Question 3

Where is ethos reflected?

Answer 3

Ethos is reflected in the hidden curriculum e.g emphasis on School rules, manners, punctuality

Question 4

Describe the Halo Effect

Answer 4

-A good impression is formed of a student
-Teacher encourages and supports student
-Student internalises positive label as their ‘pivotal identity’
-Student performs well becoming a ‘self fulfilling prophecy’

Question 5

Describe the slipped halo effect

Answer 5

-Teacher adopts negative impression of a student
-Teacher only notices negative behaviour becomes their ‘pivotal identity’
-Techer doesn’t help student so student does bad becoming ‘self fulfilling prophecy’ leading to a ‘spiral of decline’

Question 6

Who came up with the theory of the ‘ideal pupil’?

Answer 6

Becker 1971

Question 7

Define ideal pupil

Answer 7

The teachers perception of the type of pupil they want to teach

Question 8

Who researched 12 primary schools observing, informal conversations and teacher interviews?

Answer 8

Hempel-Jorgensen to identity the ideal pupil

Question 9

What did Hempel-Jorgensen identity the ideal pupil as?

Answer 9

Works hard, concentrates, listens to teachers, performs well, good behaviour

Question 10

What other factors affect a teachers perception of pupils?

Answer 10

Speech, clothes, personality, appearance, relationships with other students

Question 11

What was Hempel-Jorgensens research?

Answer 11

He researched 12 primary schools using observation, informal conversation and semi-structured teacher interviews

Question 12

Who researched how teachers come to label students?

Answer 12

David Hargreaves

Question 13

What are the 3 stages to the process of labelling identified by Hargreaves?

Answer 13

Speculation, Elaboration, Stabilisation

Question 14

Define speculation

Answer 14

First impressions, based on their looks, speech and how friendly they are

Question 15

Define Elaboration

Answer 15

Testing those first impressions with will either be confirmed or refused

Question 16

Define Stabilisation

Answer 16

The stage when the teacher feels they ‘know’ the student and the label is set

Question 17

AO3 on the effect of labelling

Answer 17

Sometimes students reject the label, and they work very hard to prove teachers wrong, achieving great success beyond expectation

Question 18

What evidence is there to show self fulfilling prophecy based on teacher perception is true?

Answer 18

Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s research

Question 19

What is the Pygmalion effect

Answer 19

1 Teacher thinks student is smart
2. Teacher focuses on student
3. Student learns more
4. Student gets better grades
5. Cycle repeats

Question 20

What is the processes of the selection of ability

Answer 20

Banding, streaming and setting

Question 21

Define banding

Answer 21

-Schools try to ensure they have a range of ability in each year group
-Used as an alternative for streaming

Question 22

Define Streaming

Answer 22

A year group being separated into ability ends so they are in classes of similar ability pupils across most subjects

Question 23

Define setting

Answer 23

Pupils being separated into ability group for specific subjects

Question 24

How do schools create unequal access to knowledge for M/C pupils?

Answer 24

-Middle class students tend to be placed in higher sets
-Most teachers prefer teaching high ability groups
-Distinct lack of movement between groups
-Higher sets allocated better teachers

Question 25

How do schools create unequal access to knowledge for W/C pupils?

Answer 25

More likely to be placed in lower sets
-FSM pupils double disadvantaged
-Sometimes placement by stereotyping rather than ability
-Knowledge restored/ potential outcomes capped
-Lower self esteem

Question 26

What was the main focus of Renzulli’s work?

Answer 26

To apply the pedagogy of gifted education to all student

Question 27

Whose idea was the educational triage system?

Answer 27

Gillborn and Youdell

Question 28

What does The educational triage system consist of?
(School Organisation)

Answer 28

1. Pupils who will pass anyway
2. Borderline C/D
3. Hopeless Cases

Question 29

Student responses: What are key factors influencing pupils?

Answer 29

-Teacher assumptions/stereotypes
-Labelling/ ideal pupil/ ideal learner/ halo effect
-Setting and streaming
-Educational triage

Question 30

Define Differentiation

Answer 30

Identifying different abilities and treating them differently by adding, setting and streaming

Question 31

Define Polarisation

Answer 31

Pupils are divided not opposing groups
Top stream = success
Bottom stream = failure

Question 32

Student responses: Describe Pro-school subcultures

Answer 32

Those who conform to the academic aims, ethos and rules of the school. they work hard and get good grades, usually in highest ability sets, aspire to higher education and middle-class careers.

Question 33

Student responses: Describe Anti-school subculture

Answer 33

Groups who rebel against school developing anti-school attitudes and behaviours, misbehave in lessons, respond rudely, create disturbance, labelled as failures

Question 34

Student responses: Describe subcultures of resistance

Answer 34

Students gain status amongst their peers by acting tough, increased likelihood of failure, hard to change, viscous victims in a cycle

Question 35

Student responses: What groups are more likely to form anti-school subcultures

Answer 35

Black Caribbean working class boys

Question 36

Student responses: Whose research identifies black Caribbean W/C boys as being most likely to form anti-school subcultures?

Answer 36

Mac and Ghaill

Question 37

Student responses: AO3 what are many students responses like now?

Answer 37

Student responses tend to be more individualistic than group and can change over time