6. Internal processes Flashcards
Describe social action theory/ Interactionism
A micro approach (small scale) detailed research of what happens in schools and effects on individuals
What is Ethos?
The choices schools make about their priorities and values e.g valuing and encouraging pupils, communication with parents, school trips
Where is ethos reflected?
Ethos is reflected in the hidden curriculum e.g emphasis on School rules, manners, punctuality
Describe the Halo Effect
-A good impression is formed of a student
-Teacher encourages and supports student
-Student internalises positive label as their ‘pivotal identity’
-Student performs well becoming a ‘self fulfilling prophecy’
Describe the slipped halo effect
-Teacher adopts negative impression of a student
-Teacher only notices negative behaviour becomes their ‘pivotal identity’
-Techer doesn’t help student so student does bad becoming ‘self fulfilling prophecy’ leading to a ‘spiral of decline’
Who came up with the theory of the ‘ideal pupil’?
Becker 1971
Define ideal pupil
The teachers perception of the type of pupil they want to teach
Who researched 12 primary schools observing, informal conversations and teacher interviews?
Hempel-Jorgensen to identity the ideal pupil
What did Hempel-Jorgensen identity the ideal pupil as?
Works hard, concentrates, listens to teachers, performs well, good behaviour
What other factors affect a teachers perception of pupils?
Speech, clothes, personality, appearance, relationships with other students
What was Hempel-Jorgensens research?
He researched 12 primary schools using observation, informal conversation and semi-structured teacher interviews
Who researched how teachers come to label students?
David Hargreaves
What are the 3 stages to the process of labelling identified by Hargreaves?
Speculation, Elaboration, Stabilisation
Define speculation
First impressions, based on their looks, speech and how friendly they are
Define Elaboration
Testing those first impressions with will either be confirmed or refused
Define Stabilisation
The stage when the teacher feels they ‘know’ the student and the label is set
AO3 on the effect of labelling
Sometimes students reject the label, and they work very hard to prove teachers wrong, achieving great success beyond expectation
What evidence is there to show self fulfilling prophecy based on teacher perception is true?
Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s research
What is the Pygmalion effect
1 Teacher thinks student is smart
2. Teacher focuses on student
3. Student learns more
4. Student gets better grades
5. Cycle repeats
What is the processes of the selection of ability
Banding, streaming and setting
Define banding
-Schools try to ensure they have a range of ability in each year group
-Used as an alternative for streaming
Define Streaming
A year group being separated into ability ends so they are in classes of similar ability pupils across most subjects
Define setting
Pupils being separated into ability group for specific subjects
How do schools create unequal access to knowledge for M/C pupils?
-Middle class students tend to be placed in higher sets
-Most teachers prefer teaching high ability groups
-Distinct lack of movement between groups
-Higher sets allocated better teachers
How do schools create unequal access to knowledge for W/C pupils?
More likely to be placed in lower sets
-FSM pupils double disadvantaged
-Sometimes placement by stereotyping rather than ability
-Knowledge restored/ potential outcomes capped
-Lower self esteem
What was the main focus of Renzulli’s work?
To apply the pedagogy of gifted education to all student
Whose idea was the educational triage system?
Gillborn and Youdell
What does The educational triage system consist of?
(School Organisation)
- Pupils who will pass anyway
- Borderline C/D
- Hopeless Cases
Student responses: What are key factors influencing pupils?
-Teacher assumptions/stereotypes
-Labelling/ ideal pupil/ ideal learner/ halo effect
-Setting and streaming
-Educational triage
Define Differentiation
Identifying different abilities and treating them differently by adding, setting and streaming
Define Polarisation
Pupils are divided not opposing groups
Top stream = success
Bottom stream = failure
Student responses: Describe Pro-school subcultures
Those who conform to the academic aims, ethos and rules of the school. they work hard and get good grades, usually in highest ability sets, aspire to higher education and middle-class careers.
Student responses: Describe Anti-school subculture
Groups who rebel against school developing anti-school attitudes and behaviours, misbehave in lessons, respond rudely, create disturbance, labelled as failures
Student responses: Describe subcultures of resistance
Students gain status amongst their peers by acting tough, increased likelihood of failure, hard to change, viscous victims in a cycle
Student responses: What groups are more likely to form anti-school subcultures
Black Caribbean working class boys
Student responses: Whose research identifies black Caribbean W/C boys as being most likely to form anti-school subcultures?
Mac and Ghaill
Student responses: AO3 what are many students responses like now?
Student responses tend to be more individualistic than group and can change over time
