8 Markers / 4+4 Flashcards
Using examples from psychology, describe the psychodynamic assumptions of ‘influence of childhood experiences’ and ‘tripartite personality’.
This question is focused on demonstrating knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas.
Credit will be given for:
* The tripartite personality; id, ego, superego, ego defence mechanisms, Eros and Thanatos. Examples of these processes.
* The influence of childhood experiences; psychosexual stages, Oedipus Complex, Electra Complex, fixation, frustration, overindulgence.
* Examples from these stages of childhood development.
* Any other appropriate content.
4 (per assumption)
* Description and level of accuracy is thorough and clearly
linked to psychology.
* Effective use of appropriate terminology.
Evaluate two ethical considerations of cognitive behavioural therapy.
This question is mainly focused on analysing, interpreting and evaluating scientific information, ideas and evidence in relation to making judgements and reaching conclusions.
- Alloy and Abramsom (1979); a depressive realist’s outlook is an advantage to them therefore trying to ‘cure’ their depressive emotions is unethical.
- Psychological harm - CBT may try to change a person’s thinking to benefit society rather than the individual which can damage self-esteem.
- Psychological harm - patient blame may make the client feel they are responsible for their disorder.
- There may be a power imbalance between the client and the therapist.
- CBT is ethical because clients have the right to withdraw if they wish.
- CBT is ethical because it tries to cure the cause of a disorder rather than the symptoms which can lead to less psychological harm for the individual.
- Any other appropriate content.
N.B. Ethical issues can be positive or negative.
7-8
* A thorough evaluation.
* Clearly linked to the therapy.
* Examples are well chosen to support the point made.
* Arguments are well-developed and balanced throughout.
* Structure is logical.
* Depth and range.
Evaluate two ethical considerations of rational
emotive behaviour therapy.
This question is mainly focused on analysing, interpreting and evaluating scientific information, ideas and evidence in relation to making judgements and reaching conclusions.
- Psychological harm - patient blame may make the client may feel they are responsible for their disorder.
- REBT is ethical because clients have the right to withdraw if they wish and the therapy can be taken at their own pace.
- REBT is more ethical than CBT because it encourages unconditional self-acceptance rather than self-rating, which can lead to less psychological harm for the individual.
- Can be unethical due to the therapist harshness of questioning client’s beliefs.
- The competence of the therapist can have an effect on the success of therapy.
- Any other appropriate content.
N.B. Ethical issues can be positive or negative.
7-8
* A thorough evaluation.
* Clearly linked to the therapy.
* Examples are well chosen to support the point made.
* Arguments are well-developed and balanced throughout.
* Structure is logical.
* Depth and range.
Outline the positive assumption of ‘focus on the good life’ and one other positive assumption.
Credit could be given for:
* Seligman’s three desirable lives; ‘the pleasant life’, ‘the good life’ and ‘the meaningful life’.
* Development of strengths and virtues to achieve the meaningful life.
* Three elements of the good life; positive connections to others, positive individual traits and life regulation qualities.
One other positive assumption:
* Authenticity of goodness and excellence; signature strengths, focus on mental health instead of mental illness, traits that act as a buffer to mental illness.
* Acknowledgement of free will; ability to take charge of our own actions, Ed Diener’s research on happiness and wellbeing.
Any other appropriate assumption clearly related to the positive approach.
4 (per assumption)
* Description and level of accuracy is thorough and clearly linked to psychology.
* Effective use of appropriate terminology.
Evaluate Watson and Rayner’s (1920) research ‘Conditioned emotional reactions’ in relation to social implications and ethical issues.
Credit could be given for:
* Ethics of using vulnerable participants.
* Psychological harm from inducing a phobia.
* Informed consent from Little Albert’s mother.
* Benefits for therapy e.g. systematic desensitisation.
* Cost/benefit analysis of using one participant to benefit many.
* Any other appropriate ethical issue or social implication evaluated.
7-8
* A thorough evaluation.
* Clearly linked to the classic research.
* Examples are well chosen to support the point made.
* Arguments are well-developed and balanced throughout.
* Structure is logical.
* Depth and range.
Evaluate two ethical issues of drug therapy.
- Valid consent/use of vulnerable people; patients undergoing therapy are not normally capable of understanding their illness, so consent may not be informed.
- Physical harm; side effects associated with drugs, increased tolerance, risk of addiction.
- Deception; possible use of placebos.
- Psychological harm; lack of free will may cause more harm.
- Harm; can help to alleviate symptoms quicker than other methods which can reduce further harm.
- Any other appropriate ethical issue.
7-8
* A thorough evaluation.
* Clearly linked to the therapy.
* Examples are well chosen to support the point made.
* Arguments are well-developed and balanced throughout.
* Structure is logical.
* Depth and range.
Evaluate two ethical issues of psychosurgery.
- Use of vulnerable people; patients undergoing therapy are not normally capable of understanding their illness, so consent may not be informed.
- Physical harm; side effects associated with surgery, risk of death.
- Psychological harm; lack of free will may cause more harm.
- Harm; can help to alleviate symptoms quicker than other methods which can reduce further harm.
- Informed consent; must ensure consent for surgery from a family member or other responsible adult.
- Any other appropriate ethical issue.
7-8
* A thorough evaluation.
* Clearly linked to the therapy.
* Examples are well chosen to support the point made.
* Arguments are well-developed and balanced throughout.
* Structure is logical.
* Depth and range.
Using examples from psychology, outline two assumptions of the cognitive approach.
Credit could be given for:
* Computer analogy; input, processes e.g. thinking, attention etc., storage, output.
Examples of computer analogy e.g. multistore model.
* Internal mental processes; attention, perception, thinking, memory, language.
Examples of research into these processes.
* Schemas; role of long-term memory, cultural/environmental influences, stereotyping. Examples of schemas and/or research into schemas.
* Any other appropriate assumption.
4 (per assumption)
* Outline and level of accuracy is thorough and clearly linked to
psychology.
* Effective use of appropriate terminology.
