8. Lumps & Bumps I Flashcards
What might result in a lump or a bump in the orbit?
Increased cellular mass:...
, ...
, ...
, ...
, and ...
.
Other causes:...
, ...
blockage, ...
, ...
, ...
, ...
, ...
.
What might result in a lump or a bump in the orbit?
Increased cellular mass:Hyperplasia
, hypertrophy
, dysplasia
, metaplasia
, and neoplasia
.
Other causes:Inflammatory
, vesicle, cyst, or duct
blockage, foreign body
, non-inflammatory oedema
, haemorrhage
, product deposition
, encapsulated micro-organism proliferation
.
Define each of the following:
Hyperplasia: ...
Hypertrophy: ...
Dysplasia: ...
Metaplasia: ...
Define each of the following:
Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in cell size
Dysplasia: replacement with a less mature cell type
Metaplasia: replacement with another mature cell type
What are tumours?
Group of abnormal cells that cause swelling or mass of extra tissue.
Benign tumours are ...
.
Result from ...
, ...
, ...
, or ...
.
Result of normal ...
to a stimulus and ...
or is ....
on ...
of the stimulus.
Benign tumours are non-cancerous
.
Result from hyperplasia
, metaplasia
, dysplasia
, or hypertrophy
.
Result of normal cellular adaptation
to a stimulus and ceases
or is reversible
on removal
of the stimulus.
Cancer is also known as ...
.
Cells show ...
and ...
which results in ...
.
Cancer is also known as neoplasia
.
Cells show uncontrolled growth
and spread
which results in malignant tumour
.
Hyperplastic tumours
Pterygia are common ...
which which originate from ...
that are exposed to ...
. Causes ...
of normal tissue.
Hyperplastic tumours
Pterygia are common ocular surface lesions
which originate from limbal stem cells
that are exposed to chronic UV irritation
. Causes overgrowth
of normal tissue.
Benign neoplasia.
They show ...
but can ...
. They have a ...
growth rate and are often ...
. Some lesions with benign characteristics have the potential to ...
.
Benign neoplasia.
They show no tendency to spread
but can expand
. They have a slow
growth rate and are often encapsulated
. Some lesions with benign characteristics have the potential to become malignant
.
Malignant neoplasia.
Abnormal tissue with ...
.
Cells that have ...
in normal cellular functions due to ...
. These cells ...
, ...
, and spread by way of ...
. Growth is usually ...
and there is ...
of cells. Has the following risk factors: ...
, ...
, ...
, ...
/...
, and ...
.
Malignant neoplasia.
Abnormal tissue with uncoordinated excess growth
.
Cells that have defects
in normal cellular functions due to gene mutations
. These cells divide uncontrollably
, invade surrounding tissue
, and spread by way of vascular/lymphatic systems
. Growth is usually rapid
and there is incomplete differentiation
of cells. Has the following risk factors: genetics
, smoking
, diet
, occupation
/environment
, and infectious agents
.
What are the six major histological categories of neoplasia?
...
(eye/lids): ...
, account for ...
-...
% of cancers...
(eye/lids): ...
...
(eye/lids): ...
...
: ...
...
: ...
...
What are the six major histological categories of neoplasia?
Carcinoma
(eye/lids): epithelial tissues
, account for 80
-90
% of cancersSarcoma
(eye/lids): supportive/connective tissues
Lymphoma
(eye/lids): lymph glands/nodes
Myeloma
: bone marrow plasma cells
Leukemia
: bone marrow WBC/RBC
Mixed
Biopsy - Neoplastic behaviours
Based on ...
.
Benign growths contain cells that ...
. They are ...
and are ...
.
Malignant growths contain cells that vary in ...
; they vary in ...
and ...
. Have irregular cells called ...
and/or ...
.
Biopsy - Neoplastic behaviours
Based on cellular differentiation
.
Benign growths contain cells that resemble normal cells
. They are encapsulated
and are uniformly well differentiated
.
Malignant growths contain cells that vary in growth structure
; they vary in size
and shape
. Have irregular cells called pleoplasia
and/or anaplasia
.
Pleomorphism vs anaplasia
Pleomorphism is ...
and the cells exhibit ...
.
Anaplasia has cells that ...
with ...
, ...
, and ...
.
Pleomorphism vs anaplasia
Pleomorphism is an early sign of cancer
and the cells exhibit marked variation in size and shape
.
Anaplasia has cells that adopt immature forms
with large nuclei
, unusual shapes
, and little cytoplasm
.
What are the clinical signs of neoplasia?
...
: neoplastic tissue requires ...
in order to ...
. Therefore, lots of ...
which are needed to ...
.
Malignant tumours ...
and show ...
. Around ...
% are ...
and often show ...
which represents the ...
.
What are the clinical signs of neoplasia?
Unusual blood supply
: neoplastic tissue requires rich blood supply
in order to grow
. Therefore, lots of feeder vessels
which are needed to grow quickly
.
Malignant tumours invade surrounding tissues
and show irregular borders
. Around 20
% are metastatic
and often show haloing
which represents the invasion zone
.
Metastasis - secondary neoplasia
Spread via ...
/...
/...
routes.
Metastasis - secondary neoplasia
Spread via lymphatic
/blood
/intra-peritoneal
routes.
Cysts vs vesicles
Cysts arise from ...
that becomes ...
. They are ...
on palpation due to ...
and they ...
with time.
Vesicles are ...
within a ...
; they are more widespread if they are more ...
. They are often ...
on palpation as they are ...
.
Cysts vs vesicles
Cysts arise from secreting epithelium
that becomes trapped at a deeper location
. They are hard
on palpation due to internal pressure
and they enlarge
with time.
Vesicles are containers of fluid
within a natural cleavage of skin layers
; they are more widespread if they are more superficial
. They are often soft
on palpation as they are non-secreting sacs
.
Dermoid cysts
Form at ...
from ...
in ...
, ...
, or ...
. They contain ...
which is why they are hard. They grow ...
can contain ...
/...
.
Dermoid cysts
Form at birth
from entrapped dermis
in orbit
, lid
, or limbus
. They contain keratin
which is why they are hard. They grow slowly
can contain lashes
/hair
.