1. Intro to AED Flashcards
What is the agreeed terminology of Bowman’s membrane and Descemet’s membrane respectively?
- Bowman’s membrane = Anterior limiting lamina
- Descemet’s membrane = Posterior limiting lamina
Name the 5 different general areas of the anterior eye.
- Cornea & limbus
- Tear film
- Conjunctiva & Sclera
- Eyelids & Eyelashes
- Lacrimal system
Name 4 ways to clinically examine the anterior eye
- Hx taking
- Slit lamp biomicroscopy + Photodocumentation + Standardised grading scales
- Tear film assessment
- Specialised techniques may be required → req referral to ophthalmologist
How would you assess whether a red eye is caused by conjunctival injection?
Use a cotton bud to manoeuvre the conjunctiva. If the red blood vessels move, it indicates that the redness is superficial, thus is the conjunctiva.
What does ciliary redness indicate? Give 3 examples.
Disorders of deeper tissues & intraocular structures. Episcleritis, scleritis, disciform keratitis, iritis, cyclitis
What disorders does regional/ sectorial/ pericorneal redness indicate? What should we pay attention to?
Look at the pattern of redness. Herpatic keratitis, rosacea, corneal lesions near the limbus, foreign body etc.
The cornea consists of ...
, ...
, ...
, stroma, ...
, endothelium. Average thickness of the cornea is ...
μm. The cornea is one of the most ...
tissues of the body, approximately ...
times. The cornea is innervated by the ...
, which then branches as ...
in the stroma, up through the ...
, epithelium and eventually traverses upwards to the ...
.
The cornea consists of tear film
, epithelium
, anterior limiting lamina
, stroma, posterior limiting lamina
, endothelium. Average thickness of the cornea is 540-550
μm. The cornea is one of the most sensitive
tissues of the body, approximately 500
times. The cornea is innervated by the CN5 Trigeminal nerve
, which then branches as stromal nerves
in the stroma, up through the basal lamina
, epithelium and eventually traverses upwards to the tear film
.
Corneal nerves can be used as a ...
marker for certain ...
conditions. For example, ...
. In comparison to healthy corneas, individuals with ...
have a ...
of nerves.
Corneal nerves can be used as a surrogate
marker for certain systemic
conditions. For example, diabetic neuropathy
. In comparison to healthy corneas, individuals with diabetic neuropathy
have a lower density
of nerves.
What are the 2 types of corneal immune cells? When are these cells implicated?
- Epithelial dendritic cells
- Stromal macrophages
Found mostly in the peripheral cornea and implicated in dry eye disease, diabetic neuropathy, allergy and contact lens wear
Corneal ...
cells are responsible for both innate and ...
immune responses. In ...
, corneal ...
rapidly respond to ocular surface ...
, such as ...
. Corneal ...
also respond to ...
, ...
and ...
infections.
Corneal dendritic
cells are responsible for both innate and adaptive
immune responses. In innate
, corneal DCs
rapidly respond to ocular surface changes
, such as CLs wear
. Corneal DCs
also respond to viral
, bacterial
and fungal
infections.
What are the 5 groups of components within human tears?
- Proteins (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
- Electrolytes
- Growth factors & suppressors of inflammation
- Soluble mucins
- Immunoglobulins
The lacrimal functional unit is important for ...
, including ...
, ...
and ...
. The unit includes the ...
, ocular surface components, ...
, ...
and associated ...
and ...
nerves. Humans produce ...
basal tears per year. Neural input mediates ...
and ...
of tears produced.
The lacrimal functional unit is important for tear film homeostasis
, including tear production
, distribution
and clearance
. The unit includes the lacrimal gland
, ocular surface components, meibomian glands
, eyelids
and associated sensory
and autonomic
nerves. Humans produce 75L
basal tears per year. Neural input mediates rate
and type
of tears produced.
What are the 3 types of tears?
• Basal
• Reflex
• Emotional
Basal tears are ...
tears that bathe the ...
. It has the highest overall ...
compared to other types of tears. ...
are protective response to ...
stimulation....
can be triggered by other bodily functions, such as ...
, ...
and ...
. This type of tears is ...
higher in volume but is also relatively ...
, consisting mostly of ...
.
Emotional tear is elicited in response to ...
. As a result, emotional tears consist of unique ...
and ...
.
Basal tears are basic functional
tears that bathe the ocular surface
. It has the highest overall compositional complexity
compared to other types of tears. Reflex tears
are protective response to irritants/ mechnical
stimulation. Reflex tears
can be triggered by other bodily functions, such as vomiting
, coughing
and yawning
. This type of tears is 100x
higher in volume but is also relatively dilute
, consisting mostly of water
.
Emotional tear is elicited in response to strong emotional response
. As a result, emotional tears consist of unique stress hormones
and proteins
.
What are the 3 components of the lacrimal system? Name the associated structures of each.
- Secretory: lacrimal gland + accessory glands
- Distribution: tear meniscus + blinking
- Drainage: puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac & lacrimal duct