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HUBS 1416 > 8: Immunology: The Lymphatic System and Innate Immunity > Flashcards

8: Immunology: The Lymphatic System and Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The manner of development of a disease

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2
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • Present at birth
  • Provides immediate protection
  • Is general in action
  • First and second lines of defence
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3
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Recognises specific antigens
  • Is systemic in action
  • Has a memory
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4
Q

Immune Function of the Lymphatic System

A
  • Some fluid is lost from blood through capillary beds
  • Lymphatic capillaries absorb this fluid (lymph) and any particles within it
  • Lymph is returned to the blood and ‘filtered’ via the lymph nodes
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5
Q

First Line of Defence

A
  • Barriers: skin and mucous membranes

- Associated secretions and mechanisms

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6
Q

Second Line of Defence

A
  • Anti-microbial proteins
  • Inflammation and fever
  • Leukocytes
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7
Q

Lysozymes

A
  • Digest the bacterial cell wall
  • Secreted in tears, mucous, and saliva
  • Lysozymes break down peptidoglycan of bacterial cell wall
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8
Q

Interferons

A
  • Proteins secreted by virally infected cells
  • Help protect neighbouring cells by:
    > Block viral protein synthesis
    > Degrade viral DNA
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9
Q

The Complement System

A

There is a number of proteins that are circulating around in the blood. When activated, they get together and connect to form the complement system. As a result of this, it aids the immune system primarily by opsonisation (enhances phagocytosis and inflammation).

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10
Q

How Do These Proteins ‘Complement’ the Immune Response?

A

By:

  • Promoting the release of histamine by mast cells and basophils
  • Binding to antigen and facilitating phagocyte binding – opsonisation
  • Also induce cell lysis on their own by forming a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
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11
Q

Inflammation: Four Cardinal Signs

A
  • Heat
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Pain - loss of motion
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12
Q

Function of Leukocytes

A

Function by:

  • Phagocytosis
  • Destroying abnormal or infected cells
  • Producing and amplifying inflammation
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13
Q

Phagocytes: Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis and activation of bacterial mechanisms

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14
Q

Phagocytes: Macrophages

A
  • Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

- Antigen presentation

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15
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A
  • Patrol blood and lymph
  • Destroy cancer & virus-infected cells
  • Detect abnormal cell-surface molecules
  • Kill cells by bombarding them with perforin and granzyme
  • Can also promote inflammation
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16
Q

Humoral Immunity (B Cells)

A
  • Antibody-mediated immunity
  • Immune function performed by antibodies
  • Eliminates extracellular pathogens
17
Q

Cellular Immunity (T Cells)

A
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Immune function performed by activated cells
  • Eliminated intracellular pathogens, cancerous cells, and foreign cells (organ transplant)
18
Q

Antigens

A

Induce a specific immune response

19
Q

Epitopes

A

Specific areas of an antigen recognised by cells of adaptive immunity

20
Q

Self-Antigens

A
  • Our cells display various ‘self-antigens’, recognised by our immune system
  • They include MHC molecules
21
Q

Class I MHC (Own Cells)

A
  • Displayed by all nucleated cells
  • Incorporate foreign antigen after infection
  • Labels cells as infected to Cytotoxic T Cells
22
Q

Class II MHC (Antigen-Presenting Cells)

A
  • Displayed by APCs
  • Engulf and break down pathogenic antigen
  • Present antigen-MHC to T Cells
23
Q

B Cells

A
  • When activated, they produce plasma cells
24
Q

T Cells

A
  • Main effector cell is the cytotoxic T cell

- Destroys infected/abnormal cells

25
Q

T Cells Possess Two Major Surface Proteins

A
  • T Cell Receptors (TCRs): each individual cell has thousands, but all bind to the same antigen, different from one T cell to the other
  • CD proteins: bind to MHC proteins on other cells (CD4 and CD8)
26
Q

Helper T Cells

A
  • Coordinate and activate humoral and cellular divisions of adaptive immunity
  • Express TCRs and CD4 proteins on surface
  • CD4 binds to MHC Class II – they present to the T Cells the antigen which orchestrates the immune response
27
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A
  • Destroy infected or abnormal/cancerous cells
  • Express TCRs and CD8 proteins on surface
  • CD8 binds to MHC Class I
28
Q

T Cell Activation

A
  • Activation starts when T Cells bind to antigen on MHC molecules using their TCR
  • CD4 or CD8 must also bind to MHC
  • Once activated, T Cells undergo clonal selection – produce identical copies
  • Produce effector cells and memory cells
29
Q

Helper T Cells (CD4)

A
  • Recognise antigens on Class II MHC
  • Help with the activation of other immune cells
  • Produce chemical messengers called cytokines
30
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8)

A
  • Very mobile – leave lymphatic tissue
  • Recognise antigens on Class I MHC, signalling infected/defective cell
  • Bind to infected cells and destroy them
31
Q

Memory T Cells

A
  • Produced during T Cell activation
  • Remain in lymphatic tissue
  • Very fast reaction upon second exposure to the same antigen
32
Q

B Cell Activation: Plasma Cells

A
  • Secrete antibodies – 2000/sec/cell
  • Last approx. 4-5 days
  • Peak plasma antibody concentration at 10 days
33
Q

Memory B Cells

A
  • Remember the antigen for future rapid activation

- Vaccines

HUBS 1416 (11 decks)

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