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Brett GI Midterm > 8 Histo of the Accessory Organs > Flashcards

8 Histo of the Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What do exocrine glands do

A

Secrete mucus, hormones, enzymes, and waste

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2
Q

What form do exocrine glands take

A

Simple invagination of the epithelium or may have no contact with epithelium

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3
Q

How do mucous acini stain

A

Cloudier looking cytoplasm due to thick, glycoprotein-rich product

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4
Q

How do serous acini stain

A

Clear staining cytoplasm and produce a water based product

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5
Q

What acini look similar to adipocytes

A

Mucous

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of mucoserous acini

A

Contain a core of mucous (black) cells surrounded by a serous demilune (yellow bonnet shaped)

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7
Q

What shapes can the secretory portion take on

A

Tubular (elongated) or alveolar/acinar (spherical/rounded)

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8
Q

What are the shapes of the duct system of secretory cells

A

Simple gland (unbranched) or compound gland (branched)

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9
Q

What are the mechanisms of secretion

A

Merocrine - exocytosis of apical end of secretory cells (sweat and salivary glands)

Holocrine - disintegration of the secretory cells (sebaceous glands)

Apocrine - release of membrane enclosed vesicles (sweat glands)

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10
Q

What controls the release of secretory gland components

A

ANS

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11
Q

What portion of the salivary gland provides neurovasculature

A

Lobes

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12
Q

What are the parts of salivary glands

A

CT capsule with septa that divides gland into lobes (interlobar septa) and smaller lobules (interlobular)

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13
Q

What is the purpose of saliva

A
  • Lubricates and cleanses the oral mucosa
  • Contains immunoglobulins, minerals, electrolytes, buffers, enzymes, and metabolic wastes
  • Aids in digestion (amylase) and maintenance of tooth integrity
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14
Q

What are the largest salivary glands

A

Parotid

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the parotid gland

A

It is serous with adipocytes scattered throughout

Acini consist of serous secretory cells with pyramidal cells, prominent RER in basal portion, and secretory granules visible in the apical region

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16
Q

What does the sublingual gland produce

A

It is a mixed gland that produces mainly mucous

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17
Q

What is specific to the sublingual gland

A

Lacks a defined capsule but is divided by CT into smaller lobes

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18
Q

What kinds of ducts does the sublingual gland have

A

Intercalated and striated ducts that are poorly developed

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19
Q

What is the difference in staining between the sublingual and parotid gland

A

The sublingual stains lighter

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20
Q

What kind of cells are present in the submandibular gland

A

Serous and mucous but serous predominate

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21
Q

What is the unique characteristic of the submandibular gland

A

The mucous cells have serous demilunes which are controlled bu myoepithelial cells (they contract around the demilunes)

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22
Q

What kind of ducts are found in the submandibular gland

A

Intercalated ducts that are shorter and striated ducts are longer than those in parotid gland

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23
Q

What are the main types of salivary glands

A

Submandibular
Parotid
Sublingual

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24
Q

What is the exocrine product of the liver

A

Bile

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25
Q

Where is the liver mainly

A

URQ

26
Q

What are the hepatic lobubles

A

Polygonal structures that comprise the functional unit of the liver that surround a central vein

27
Q

What is a portal triad

A

Branches of hepatic A, portal V, and bile duct

28
Q

What are the brown stick like structures between hepatocyte

A

Bile canaliculi

29
Q

What cell type is found in bile duct walls

A

Simple cuboidal

30
Q

What are the different organizations of the liver

A 
Hepatic lobule (structural unit)
Portal lobule (based on bile drainage)
Liver acinus (based on proximity to O2 source)
31
Q

What is at the center of a hepatic lobule

A

Central venules and portal triads at the vertices of the hexagon

32
Q

What is at the center of the portal lobule

A

Portal triad draining bile away from parenchyma

33
Q

What are the boundaries of the liver acinus

A

Determined by a terminal branch of hepatic A

34
Q

What are the zones found in the liver acinus

A

I, II, III

III is the farthest from the blood supply and is exposed to the most toxin

35
Q

What is the space of disse in teh liver

A

Sinusoidal space that separates the plates from flow of portal V and hepatic A blood

Functions as a thoroughfare for blood from portal V and hepatic A to the central venule

36
Q

What is the space of mall

A

The portion of the thoroughfare that collects fluid which is drained off by lymph vessels

37
Q

What are the domains of the hepatocyte? What do they face

A

Apical - faces the bile canaliculus and sealed on both sides to prevent bile leakage

Basolateral - faces space of disse (blood) and absorbs blood borne substances such as: albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, coagulation factors V, VII, IX

38
Q

What type of specialized cells are found in the hepatic sinusoids

A

Kupffer cells

They are macrophages which function to recycle aging erythrocytes

39
Q

What is bile? What is it involved in?

A

Mix of organic and inorganic things made by hepatocytes

Excretion of cholesterol, phospholipids, bile salts, conjugated bilirubin, and electrolytes

Contributes to fat absorption

40
Q

How are most pathologic changes described

A

From classic lobule but best understood from liver acinius

41
Q

What does the pancreas look similar to histologically

A

Parotid salivary gland

42
Q

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is what type of gland

A

Branched tubuloacinar gland

43
Q

What are the portions of the pancreas

A

Head - lying the concavity between the 2nd and 3rd parts of duodenum

Neck - in contact with portal v

Body - placed anterior to the aorta

Tail - ending near the hilum of the spleen

44
Q

What supplies the pancreas

A

Celiac trunk, SMA, splenic A

45
Q

What is the innervation of the pancreas

A

Vagus and splanchnic nn

46
Q

How is the pancreas similar to the salivary glands

A

Surrounded by CT but doesn’t have a capsule

Lobules are separated by CT that carry blood, lymph, nerves, and ducts

47
Q

What is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas

A

Serous acinous

48
Q

What is the lumen of the acinus lined with

A

Centroacinar cells (unique to pancreas)

49
Q

What do the centroacinar cells do

A

They are continuous with the low cuboidal epithelium and they secrete HCO3-, Na, H2O

50
Q

What is the pathway for ducts leaving the pancreas

A

Intercalated ducts —> intralobular ducts (lacking striated ducts in the exocrine pancreas) —> interlobular ducts —> main pancreatic duct —> hepatopancreatic ampulla

51
Q

What portion of the pancreas is lightly staining

A

Islets of Langerhans

52
Q

What should the pancreas not have that the parotid has

A

Adipose tissue

53
Q

What are the characteristics of the pancreatic acinar cells

A

Well-developed RER
Prominent golgi
Apical domain with zymogen granules

54
Q

How does diet change pancreas

A

High protein diet increases protease synth and more amylase with carb-rich diet

55
Q

What binds to receptors of acinar cells and stimulates granule release

A

Cholecystokinin

56
Q

Where are zymogen granlues normally activated

A

Duodenum

57
Q

What zymogen is most likely to cause pancreatitis

A

Trypsinogen—> trypsin also inactivation of trypsin inhibitor

58
Q

What does acute pancreatitis normally follow

A

Trauma, heavy meals, excessive EtOH, biliary tract disease

59
Q

What characterizes chronic pancreatitis

A

Fibrosis and partial or total destruction of the pancreatic tissue

60
Q

What is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcoholism is a major cause and leads to permanent loss of pancreatic function (both endo and exocrine)

Brett GI Midterm (11 decks)

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