8) Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer

Question 1

Define:
- Metabolism
- Anabolic
- Catabolic

Answer 1

Metabolism → the total amount of the biochemical reactions involved in maintaining the living condition of the cells in an organism
* Anabolic reactions → synthesis of molecules (growth)
* Catabolic reactions → breakdown of molecules

Question 2

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 2

Study of transformation of energy; study of the chemical pathways that convert substrate to energy that can be used by the cell (ATP)

ie converting foodstuffs to energy
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Question 3

Why do we need to regenerate ATP?

Answer 3

Cells store a limited quantity of ATP

Question 4

Energy Substrates

Carbohydrate
* Composed of:
* 1 gram CHO → ? kcal

(1 kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie)

Answer 4

Carbohydrate (CHO)
* Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
* 1 gram CHO → 4.1 kcal
* (1 kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie)

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)
* Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Question 5

Glucose
* Most important ?
* Primary energy source for ?
* stored in muscle and liver as ?
* Depleted during ? exercise

Answer 5

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* stored in muscle and liver as glycogen
* Depleted during prolonged, intense exercise

• Glycolysis → breakdown of
  glucose to create energy; primary
  energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)
• Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Question 6

Glucose: Energy Substrate

? → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

? → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

? → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

? → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Answer 6

Glucose
Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* stored in muscle and liver as glycogen
* Depleted during prolonged, intense exercise

Question 7

Glucose: Energy Substrate

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 7

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* stored in muscle and liver as glycogen
* Depleted during prolonged, intense exercise

Question 8

What is Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 8

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Question 9

What is Glycogenosis?

Answer 9

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Question 10

What is Glycogenolysis?

Answer 10

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Question 11

How does Fat breakdown make ATP?

Answer 11

Triglycerides: storage form of fat
TG → glycerol + Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
FFA (only) → ATP

1g fat = 9.4kcal

Question 12

proteins as energy source

Protein:
- broken down into ?
- excess protein consumed is stored as ?
- ATP from ?
- ? = formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
- 1g Protein → ? kcal

Answer 12

Protein:
- broken down into amino acids
- excess protein consumed is stored as fat
- ATP from Amino Acids (only AA’s make energy)
- Gluconeogenesis = formation of GLUCOSE from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates (Amino Acids)
- 1g protein → 4.1 kcal

Question 13

Immediate Energy Sources: (2)
(1) ? //
Aerobic or anaerobic?

(2) ? system //
Aerobic or anaerobic?

Fast Energy source: (1)
Sustained Energy Sources: (2)

Answer 13

Immediate Energy Sources:
(1) Stored ATP (already present and does not need to be synthesized) = Anaerobic

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

Fast Energy source: (1)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrates) ending in lactate (Anaerobic)

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)
- Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Question 14

Fast Energy source: (1)
- ? (carbohydrates) ending in ?
- Aerobic or Anaerobic?

Immediate (2)
Sustained (2)

Answer 14

Fast Energy source: (1)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrates) ending in lactate (Anaerobic)

Immediate Energy Sources:
- Stored ATP (already present and does not need to be synthesized) = Anaerobic
- ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)
- Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Question 15

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
Aerobic or Anaerobic?
(1) ? (carbohydrate) ending in ? → enters ? cycle → ETC

(2) ? (Fats) → ETC

Answer 15

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
(1) Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)

(2) Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Immediate Energy Sources:
- Stored ATP (already present and does not need to be synthesized) = Anaerobic
- ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

Fast Energy source: (1)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrates) ending in lactate (Anaerobic)

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)
- Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Question 16

Stored ATP:
- allows for ?
- Energy from ?

Answer 16

Stored ATP:
A very small amount of ATP stored in the cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm) of the mm cell
- Allows for immediate activation of mm upon neural stimulation
- Source of energy for the first 1-3 seconds

ATP Hydrolysis: Breakdown of ATP releasing energy

H2O + ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy + H+

Immediate source of energy
- ATP already present and does not need synthesized)
- Anaerobic

Question 17

ATP-PCr System

ATP-PCr System

• Increased cellular ? levels (from ? ATP hydrolysis) during first 1-3 seconds stimulate ?enzyme?
• Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from ?

Answer 17

ATP-PCr System
- Increased cellular ADP levels (from cytoplasmic ATP hydrolysis) during first 1-3 seconds stimulate creatine kinase

• Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)
- Primary supplier of energy for first 3-15 sec of intense exercise
- Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
- 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
- Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr

(1) Stored ATP // ATP Hydrolysis: Breakdown of ATP releasing energy

H2O + ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy + H+

Question 18

ATP-PCr System

ATP-PCr System

When is the ATP-PCr system the primary supplier of energy?

Answer 18

ATP-PCr System
- Primary supplier of energy for first 3-15 sec of intense exercise

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

• First 1-3 seconds: Stored ATP → ATP hydrolysis → ↑[ADP] → stimulate creatine kinase
• Next 3-15sec: Creatine kinase Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate
• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

Question 19

ATP-PCr System

What enzyme is responsible for making ATP during the ATP-Phosphocreatine system?

Activated by?

Answer 19

• Creatine kinase
• Activated by increase in cellular ADP (from the hydrolysis of stored ATP in the first 3 seconds of intense exercise)

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

• First 1-3 seconds: Stored ATP → ATP hydrolysis → ↑[ADP] → stimulate creatine kinase
• Next 3-15sec: Creatine kinase Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate
• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

Question 20

ATP-PCr System

ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system
- (An)aerobic?
- 1 mol PCr = ? mol ATP
- Energetic capacity dependent on ?

Answer 20

• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

• First 1-3 seconds: Stored ATP → ATP hydrolysis → ↑[ADP] → stimulate creatine kinase
• Next 3-15sec: Creatine kinase Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate
• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

Question 21

Glycolytic System

Glycolytic system:
- 1 ATP required for the conversion of ? to ?

Answer 21

Glycolytic system:
- 1 ATP required for the conversion of Glucose to G-6-P

Per glucose:
- 4 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 pyruvate (if O2 is present pyruvate enters cyclic acid cycle // No O2 = pyruvate converted to lactate)

Net Gain:
- If starting from Glucose = +2 ATP
- If starting from glycogen = +3 ATP

Question 22

Is the glycolytic system aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 22

Anaerobic; takes place in cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm)

Question 23

Glycolytic system:
Energy produced per glucose molecule:
- ? ATP
- ? NADH
- ? pyruvate (if O2 is present pyruvate ?fate? // No O2 = pyruvate ?fate?)

Net Gain:
- If starting from Glucose = ? ATP
- If starting from glycogen = ? ATP

Answer 23

Per glucose:
- 4 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 pyruvate (if O2 is present pyruvate enters cyclic acid cycle // No O2 = pyruvate converted to lactate)

Net Gain:
- If starting from Glucose = +2 ATP
- If starting from glycogen = +3 ATP

Question 24

Glycolytic System:
- What are the two possible fates of pyruvate

Answer 24

1) If oxygen is present: Pyruvate enters cyclic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
2) If no oxygen present: Pyruvate converted to Lactate

Glycolysis is Anaerobic; takes place in Cell cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm)

Question 25

What is the net gain of ATP after glycolysis: When starting from **?** = +2 ATP When Starting from **?** = +3 ATP

Answer 25

What is the net gain of ATP after glycolysis: - When starting from **glucose** = +2 ATP - When Starting from **glycogen** = +3 ATP ## Footnote Conversion of glucose to G-6-P requires 1 ATP = making net 1 atp less

Question 26

What determines the fate of the 2 pyruvates produced during glycolysis?

Answer 26

**Available oxygen** determines fate of pyruvate: (1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis): - 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle (2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis): - When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism - 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process ## Footnote (1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis): - 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle (2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis): - When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism - 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process If metabolism slows lactate can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism Summary: * Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2 * Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2 * “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 27

# Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present? - Is this Fast or slow glycolysis? ## Footnote Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 27

(1) With oxygen (**aerobic/slow glycolysis**): - 2 pyruvate enter **MIT** and become **Acetyl CoA** which enters the Kreb’s cycle ## Footnote (2) With no oxygen (**anaerobic**/**fast glycolysis**): - When glycolysis occurs faster than **downstream aerobic metabolism** - 2 pyruvate converted to **2 lactate molecules** breaking down 2 **NADH** in the process - If metabolism slows **lactate** can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism Summary: * Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2 * Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2 * “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 28

# Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate What happens to pyruvate when NO oxygen is present? - Fast/slow glycolysis? ## Footnote Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 28

(2) With no oxygen (**anaerobic**/**fast glycolysis**): - When glycolysis occurs faster than **downstream aerobic metabolism** - 2 pyruvate converted to **2 lactate molecules** breaking down 2 **NADH** in the process - If metabolism slows **lactate** can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism ## Footnote (1) With oxygen (**aerobic/slow glycolysis**): - 2 pyruvate enter **MIT** and become **Acetyl CoA** which enters the Kreb’s cycle Summary: * Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2 * Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2 * “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 29

# Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate Fast glycolysis results in production of: - **?** ATP - 2x **?** Slow Glycolysis results in production of: - **?** ATP - 2x **?** ## Footnote Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 29

Fast glycolysis (*anaerobic*) results in production of: - Net **2** ATP (-2+4) - 2x **Lactate** Slow Glycolysis (*Aerobic*) results in production of: - **2** ATP (-2+4) - 2x **NADH2** - 2x **pyruvate** ## Footnote * “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch (1) With oxygen (**aerobic/slow glycolysis**): - 2 pyruvate enter **MIT** and become **Acetyl CoA** which enters the Kreb’s cycle (2) With no oxygen (**anaerobic**/**fast glycolysis**): - When glycolysis occurs faster than **downstream aerobic metabolism** - 2 pyruvate converted to **2 lactate molecules** breaking down 2 **NADH** in the process - If metabolism slows **lactate** can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism

Question 30

# Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are **?** specific; - **?** muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than **?** mm fibers ## Footnote Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 30

“Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are **cell** specific; - **slow twitch** muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than **fast twitch** mm fibers ## Footnote (1) With oxygen (**aerobic/slow glycolysis**): - 2 pyruvate enter **MIT** and become **Acetyl CoA** which enters the Kreb’s cycle (2) With no oxygen (**anaerobic**/**fast glycolysis**): - When glycolysis occurs faster than **downstream aerobic metabolism** - 2 pyruvate converted to **2 lactate molecules** breaking down 2 **NADH** in the process - If metabolism slows **lactate** can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism Summary: * Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2 * Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2 * “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 31

# Oxidative system Oxidative System: - Aerobic or Anaerobic? - Occurs where? - Rate of response vs energy production? - What type of activities? - Why is oxygen required?

Answer 31

- **Aerobic** - Occurs in **Mitochondria** - Slow to turn on; large energy-producing capacity - **Endurance** activities - Oxygen is the final acceptor of H+ and e- (form H2O) and is called **oxidative phosphorylation**

Question 32

(1) **?** - simple sugar glucose broken down - Occurs in cytosol (2) Pyruvate (product from glycolysis) is transformed into **?** in the **?** *when sufficient oxygen present* (3) The citric acid cycle (**?** cycle) - where **?** is modified in the mitochondria to produce energy precursors in prepartion for the next step (4) oxidative phosphorylation - Electron transport from energy precursors from the CAC leads to **?**, producing **?** - occurs in **?**

Answer 32

(1) **Glycolysis** - simple sugar glucose broken down - Occurs in cytosol (2) Pyruvate (product from glycolysis) is transformed into **Acetyl CoA** in the **mitochondria** *when sufficient oxygen present* (3) The citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle) - where **acetyl CoA** is modified in the mitochondria to produce energy precursors in prepartion for the next step (4) oxidative phosphorylation - Electron transport from energy precursors from the CAC leads **to the phosphorylation of ADP**, producing **ATP** - occurs in **mitochondria** ## Footnote CAC= citric acid cycle

Question 33

Where does oxidative phosphorylation fit into cellular respiration (2 processes)

Answer 33

(1) Electron Transport chain (2) Chemiosmosis ## Footnote (1) Electron Transport chain - H+ ions combine iwth coenzymes NAD and FAD to form reduced NADH and FADH2 - Carry electrons to ETC (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane) (2) Chemiosmosis - H+ travel down the proton gradient via chemiosmosis which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming ATP

Question 34

# Where does oxidative phosphorylation fit into cellular respiration (1) Electron Transport chain - **?** combine with *coenzymes NAD and FAD* to form reduced **?** and **?** - Carry electrons to **?** (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane)

Answer 34

(1) Electron Transport chain - **H+ ions** combine with *coenzymes NAD and FAD* to form reduced **NADH** and **FADH2** - Carry electrons to **ETC** (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane) ## Footnote (2) Chemiosmosis - H+ travel down the proton gradient via chemiosmosis which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming ATP

Question 35

# Where does oxidative phosphorylation fit into cellular respiration (2) Chemiosmosis - H+ travel down the proton gradient via **?** which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming **?**

Answer 35

(2) Chemiosmosis - H+ travel down the proton gradient via **chemiosmosis** which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming **ATP** ## Footnote Oxidative phosphorylation also in: (1) Electron Transport chain - H+ ions combine iwth coenzymes NAD and FAD to form reduced NADH and FADH2 - Carry electrons to ETC (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane)

Question 36

Beta oxidation is the process of breaking down **?**

Answer 36

Beta oxidation is the process of breaking down **fats** **Coenzyme A** attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting **fatty acid chain** into 2 carbon chains called **Acetyl CoA** - makes several **acetyl CoA** that enter Kreb's cycle - Glycerol enters **gluconeogenesis** ## Footnote - 2 pyruvate enter mitochondria and become Acetyl CoA which enters Krebs cycle

Question 37

# Beta Oxidation: Fat Breakdown Beta oxidation: **?** attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting **?** into 2 carbon chains called **?** - makes several **?** that enter Kreb's cycle - Glycerol enters **?**

Answer 37

Beta Oxidation (Fat breakdown) **Coenzyme A** attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting **fatty acid chain** into 2 carbon chains called **Acetyl CoA** - makes several **acetyl CoA** that enter Kreb's cycle - Glycerol enters **Gluconeogenesis**

Question 38

Acetyl CoA - Produced through? - enters (cycle)?

Answer 38

Acetyl CoA - Produced through: Beta-oxidation of Fats - enters (cycle)? Krebs cycle | Fat = Glycerol + 3 FA tails ## Footnote Beta Oxidation (Fat breakdown) **Coenzyme A** attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting **fatty acid chain** into 2 carbon chains called **Acetyl CoA** - makes several **acetyl CoA** that enter Kreb's cycle - Glycerol (of the fat) enters **gluconeogenesis** -> glucose

Question 39

What happens to the glycerol after Beta-oxidation (breakdown) of fats

Answer 39

Glycerol enters **gluconeogenesis** -> glucose ## Footnote Gluconeogenesis = production of glucose through non-carbohydrate (CHO) sources Fatty acid chain is broken down into 2 carbon chains (Acetyl-CoA) via **Coenzyme A**

Question 40

What is the current theory regarding Energy Substrates (which are used and when?)

Answer 40

Key: ATP-PCr *dominates* in first 5-6s in terms of rate and total proportion of ATP generated - Anaerobic Glycolysis: occurs almost immediately at onset of exercise; slower ATP regeneration due to more reations (Slower source than Phosphocreatine system) ## Footnote ATP-PCr system can rapidly regenerate ATP - Creatine Phosphate stored in cytosol of mm cell, close to site of energy utilization - oxygen independent - Few metabolic reactions required Old Theory: ATP-PCr system was *solely responsible* for ATP regeneration during initial 10-15s of exercise - Anaerobic glycolysis occurred at onset of CP depletion

Question 41

ATP-PCr - Energy Release Rate? - Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 41

ATP-PCr Energy Release Rate? - Immediate (1 enzyme = fast process) Total Capacity/Total available energy? - Very limited (1 ATP / PCr) - "Low pay off"

Question 42

Glycolysis (Anaerobic- Ends in **?**) - Energy Release Rate? - Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 42

Glycolysis (Anaerobic- Ends in **lactate**) Energy Release Rate? - Very fast Total Capacity/Total available energy? - Very limited - Due to build up of lactate and acid

Question 43

Glycolysis (Aerobic) - Energy Release Rate? - Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 43

Glycolysis (Aerobic) - Energy Release Rate? -Moderate to slow (pyruvate enters Mito. Slower (more steps)) - Total Capacity/Total available energy? -2hr energy capacity -Marathoners use aerobic glycolysis

Question 44

Beta-oxidation - Energy Release Rate? - Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 44

Beta-oxidation Energy Release Rate? - very slow Total Capacity/Total available energy? - Can sustain exercise for several hours -----Well-fed healthy individual ----ultramarathoners (higher potential to make energy) ## Footnote Requires spliting of the glycerol and FA chains that make up fat - glycerol enters Gluconeogenesis - Acetyl-CoA enter Krebs cycle

Question 45

# Aerobic vs Anaerobic All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise * Both anaerobic and aerobic The system you *predominantly* use depends on the **?** – Long duration lower intensity exercise (endurance) * Favors **?** energy production – Short duration higher intensity exercise (power) * Favors **?** energy production

Answer 45

All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise * Both anaerobic and aerobic The system you *predominantly* use depends on the **intensity and duration** of the exercise – Long duration lower intensity exercise (endurance) * Favors **Aerobic** energy production – Short duration higher intensity exercise (power) * Favors **anaerobic** energy production

Question 46

All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise * Both anaerobic and aerobic The system you *predominantly* use depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise – **?** exercise * Favors *Aerobic* energy production – **?** exercise * Favors *anaerobic* energy production

Answer 46

All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise * Both anaerobic and aerobic The system you *predominantly* use depends on the **intensity and duration** of the exercise – **Long duration lower intensity** exercise (endurance) * Favors Aerobic energy production – **Short duration higher intensity** exercise (power) * Favors anaerobic energy production