8) Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer

Question 1

Define:
- Metabolism
- Anabolic
- Catabolic

Answer 1

Metabolism → the total amount of the biochemical reactions involved in maintaining the living condition of the cells in an organism
* Anabolic reactions → synthesis of molecules (growth)
* Catabolic reactions → breakdown of molecules

Question 2

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 2

Study of transformation of energy; study of the chemical pathways that convert substrate to energy that can be used by the cell (ATP)

ie converting foodstuffs to energy
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Question 3

Why do we need to regenerate ATP?

Answer 3

Cells store a limited quantity of ATP

Question 4

Energy Substrates

Carbohydrate
* Composed of:
* 1 gram CHO → ? kcal

(1 kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie)

Answer 4

Carbohydrate (CHO)
* Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
* 1 gram CHO → 4.1 kcal
* (1 kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie)

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)
* Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Question 5

Glucose
* Most important ?
* Primary energy source for ?
* stored in muscle and liver as ?
* Depleted during ? exercise

Answer 5

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* stored in muscle and liver as glycogen
* Depleted during prolonged, intense exercise

• Glycolysis → breakdown of
  glucose to create energy; primary
  energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)
• Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Question 6

Glucose: Energy Substrate

? → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

? → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

? → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

? → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Answer 6

Glucose
Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* stored in muscle and liver as glycogen
* Depleted during prolonged, intense exercise

Question 7

Glucose: Energy Substrate

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 7

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Glucose
* Most important monosaccharide
* Primary energy source for brain
* stored in muscle and liver as glycogen
* Depleted during prolonged, intense exercise

Question 8

What is Gluconeogenesis?

Answer 8

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Question 9

What is Glycogenosis?

Answer 9

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Question 10

What is Glycogenolysis?

Answer 10

Glycogenolysis → breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis → breakdown of
glucose to create energy; primary
energy source for intense exercise (15 sec – 2 min)

Gluconeogenesis → creating glucose from non-CHO sources (glycerol, lactate, amino acids); primarily in liver

Glycogenosis → turning glucose into glycogen for storage

Question 11

How does Fat breakdown make ATP?

Answer 11

Triglycerides: storage form of fat
TG → glycerol + Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
FFA (only) → ATP

1g fat = 9.4kcal

Question 12

proteins as energy source

Protein:
- broken down into ?
- excess protein consumed is stored as ?
- ATP from ?
- ? = formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
- 1g Protein → ? kcal

Answer 12

Protein:
- broken down into amino acids
- excess protein consumed is stored as fat
- ATP from Amino Acids (only AA’s make energy)
- Gluconeogenesis = formation of GLUCOSE from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates (Amino Acids)
- 1g protein → 4.1 kcal

Question 13

Immediate Energy Sources: (2)
(1) ? //
Aerobic or anaerobic?

(2) ? system //
Aerobic or anaerobic?

Fast Energy source: (1)
Sustained Energy Sources: (2)

Answer 13

Immediate Energy Sources:
(1) Stored ATP (already present and does not need to be synthesized) = Anaerobic

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

Fast Energy source: (1)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrates) ending in lactate (Anaerobic)

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)
- Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Question 14

Fast Energy source: (1)
- ? (carbohydrates) ending in ?
- Aerobic or Anaerobic?

Immediate (2)
Sustained (2)

Answer 14

Fast Energy source: (1)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrates) ending in lactate (Anaerobic)

Immediate Energy Sources:
- Stored ATP (already present and does not need to be synthesized) = Anaerobic
- ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)
- Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Question 15

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
Aerobic or Anaerobic?
(1) ? (carbohydrate) ending in ? → enters ? cycle → ETC

(2) ? (Fats) → ETC

Answer 15

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
(1) Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)

(2) Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Immediate Energy Sources:
- Stored ATP (already present and does not need to be synthesized) = Anaerobic
- ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

Fast Energy source: (1)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrates) ending in lactate (Anaerobic)

Sustained Energy Sources: (2)
- Glycolysis (carbohydrate) ending in pyruvate → pyruvate enters Krebs cycle → ETC (oxidative phosphorylation) (Aerobic)
- Beta oxididation (Fats) → ETC (Oxidative Phosphorylation) Aerobic

Question 16

Stored ATP:
- allows for ?
- Energy from ?

Answer 16

Stored ATP:
A very small amount of ATP stored in the cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm) of the mm cell
- Allows for immediate activation of mm upon neural stimulation
- Source of energy for the first 1-3 seconds

ATP Hydrolysis: Breakdown of ATP releasing energy

H2O + ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy + H+

Immediate source of energy
- ATP already present and does not need synthesized)
- Anaerobic

Question 17

ATP-PCr System

ATP-PCr System

• Increased cellular ? levels (from ? ATP hydrolysis) during first 1-3 seconds stimulate ?enzyme?
• Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from ?

Answer 17

ATP-PCr System
- Increased cellular ADP levels (from cytoplasmic ATP hydrolysis) during first 1-3 seconds stimulate creatine kinase

• Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)
- Primary supplier of energy for first 3-15 sec of intense exercise
- Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
- 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
- Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr

(1) Stored ATP // ATP Hydrolysis: Breakdown of ATP releasing energy

H2O + ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy + H+

Question 18

ATP-PCr System

ATP-PCr System

When is the ATP-PCr system the primary supplier of energy?

Answer 18

ATP-PCr System
- Primary supplier of energy for first 3-15 sec of intense exercise

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

• First 1-3 seconds: Stored ATP → ATP hydrolysis → ↑[ADP] → stimulate creatine kinase
• Next 3-15sec: Creatine kinase Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate
• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

Question 19

ATP-PCr System

What enzyme is responsible for making ATP during the ATP-Phosphocreatine system?

Activated by?

Answer 19

• Creatine kinase
• Activated by increase in cellular ADP (from the hydrolysis of stored ATP in the first 3 seconds of intense exercise)

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

• First 1-3 seconds: Stored ATP → ATP hydrolysis → ↑[ADP] → stimulate creatine kinase
• Next 3-15sec: Creatine kinase Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate
• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

Question 20

ATP-PCr System

ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system
- (An)aerobic?
- 1 mol PCr = ? mol ATP
- Energetic capacity dependent on ?

Answer 20

• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

(2) ATP-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system (Anaerobic)

• First 1-3 seconds: Stored ATP → ATP hydrolysis → ↑[ADP] → stimulate creatine kinase
• Next 3-15sec: Creatine kinase Converts ADP into ATP using Pi from creatine phosphate
• Anaerobic; cell cytoplasm
• 1 mol ATP per 1 mol PCr
• Energetic capacity dependent on concentration of creatine phosphate

Question 21

Glycolytic System

Glycolytic system:
- 1 ATP required for the conversion of ? to ?

Answer 21

Glycolytic system:
- 1 ATP required for the conversion of Glucose to G-6-P

Per glucose:
- 4 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 pyruvate (if O2 is present pyruvate enters cyclic acid cycle // No O2 = pyruvate converted to lactate)

Net Gain:
- If starting from Glucose = +2 ATP
- If starting from glycogen = +3 ATP

Question 22

Is the glycolytic system aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 22

Anaerobic; takes place in cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm)

Question 23

Glycolytic system:
Energy produced per glucose molecule:
- ? ATP
- ? NADH
- ? pyruvate (if O2 is present pyruvate ?fate? // No O2 = pyruvate ?fate?)

Net Gain:
- If starting from Glucose = ? ATP
- If starting from glycogen = ? ATP

Answer 23

Per glucose:
- 4 ATP
- 2 NADH
- 2 pyruvate (if O2 is present pyruvate enters cyclic acid cycle // No O2 = pyruvate converted to lactate)

Net Gain:
- If starting from Glucose = +2 ATP
- If starting from glycogen = +3 ATP

Question 24

Glycolytic System:
- What are the two possible fates of pyruvate

Answer 24

1) If oxygen is present: Pyruvate enters cyclic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
2) If no oxygen present: Pyruvate converted to Lactate

Glycolysis is Anaerobic; takes place in Cell cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm)

Question 25

What is the net gain of ATP after glycolysis:
When starting from ? = +2 ATP
When Starting from ? = +3 ATP

Answer 25

What is the net gain of ATP after glycolysis:
- When starting from glucose = +2 ATP

• When Starting from glycogen = +3 ATP

Conversion of glucose to G-6-P requires 1 ATP = making net 1 atp less

Question 26

What determines the fate of the 2 pyruvates produced during glycolysis?

Answer 26

Available oxygen determines fate of pyruvate:

(1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis):
- 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle

(2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis):
- When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism
- 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process

(1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis):
- 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle

(2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis):
- When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism
- 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process
If metabolism slows lactate can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism

Summary:
* Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2
* Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2
* “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 27

Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate

What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present?
- Is this Fast or slow glycolysis?

Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 27

(1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis):
- 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle

(2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis):
- When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism
- 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process
- If metabolism slows lactate can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism

Summary:
* Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2
* Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2
* “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 28

Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate

What happens to pyruvate when NO oxygen is present?
- Fast/slow glycolysis?

Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 28

(2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis):
- When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism
- 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process
- If metabolism slows lactate can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism

(1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis):
- 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle

Summary:
* Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2
* Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2

• “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 29

Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate

Fast glycolysis results in production of:
- ? ATP
- 2x ?

Slow Glycolysis results in production of:
- ? ATP
- 2x ?

Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 29

Fast glycolysis (anaerobic) results in production of:
- Net 2 ATP (-2+4)
- 2x Lactate

Slow Glycolysis (Aerobic) results in production of:
- 2 ATP (-2+4)
- 2x NADH2
- 2x pyruvate

• “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

(1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis):
- 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle

(2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis):
- When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism
- 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process
- If metabolism slows lactate can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism

Question 30

Glycolysis: Available Oxygen determines the fate of pyruvate

“Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are ? specific;
- ? muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than ? mm fibers

Glycolysis = anaerobic

Answer 30

“Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific;
- slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch mm fibers

(1) With oxygen (aerobic/slow glycolysis):
- 2 pyruvate enter MIT and become Acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb’s cycle

(2) With no oxygen (anaerobic/fast glycolysis):
- When glycolysis occurs faster than downstream aerobic metabolism
- 2 pyruvate converted to 2 lactate molecules breaking down 2 NADH in the process
- If metabolism slows lactate can turn back into pyruvate and enter aerobic metabolism

Summary:
* Fast glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4 = 2; Lactate x2
* Slow glycolysis: ATP = -2 + 4= 2; NADH x2; Pyruvate x2

• “Slow” vs “fast” glycolysis rates are cell specific; slow twitch muscle fibers have greater aerobic capacity than fast twitch

Question 31

Oxidative system

Oxidative System:
- Aerobic or Anaerobic?
- Occurs where?
- Rate of response vs energy production?
- What type of activities?
- Why is oxygen required?

Answer 31

• Aerobic
• Occurs in Mitochondria
• Slow to turn on; large energy-producing capacity
• Endurance activities
• Oxygen is the final acceptor of H+ and e- (form H2O) and is called oxidative phosphorylation

Question 32

(1) ?
- simple sugar glucose broken down
- Occurs in cytosol

(2) Pyruvate (product from glycolysis) is transformed into ? in the ? when sufficient oxygen present

(3) The citric acid cycle (? cycle)
- where ? is modified in the mitochondria to produce energy precursors in prepartion for the next step

(4) oxidative phosphorylation
- Electron transport from energy precursors from the CAC leads to ?, producing ?
- occurs in ?

Answer 32

(1) Glycolysis
- simple sugar glucose broken down
- Occurs in cytosol

(2) Pyruvate (product from glycolysis) is transformed into Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria when sufficient oxygen present

(3) The citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)
- where acetyl CoA is modified in the mitochondria to produce energy precursors in prepartion for the next step

(4) oxidative phosphorylation
- Electron transport from energy precursors from the CAC leads to the phosphorylation of ADP, producing ATP
- occurs in mitochondria

CAC= citric acid cycle

Question 33

Where does oxidative phosphorylation fit into cellular respiration (2 processes)

Answer 33

(1) Electron Transport chain

(2) Chemiosmosis

(1) Electron Transport chain
- H+ ions combine iwth coenzymes NAD and FAD to form reduced NADH and FADH2
- Carry electrons to ETC (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane)

(2) Chemiosmosis
- H+ travel down the proton gradient via chemiosmosis which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming ATP

Question 34

Where does oxidative phosphorylation fit into cellular respiration

(1) Electron Transport chain
- ? combine with coenzymes NAD and FAD to form reduced ? and ?
- Carry electrons to ? (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane)

Answer 34

(1) Electron Transport chain
- H+ ions combine with coenzymes NAD and FAD to form reduced NADH and FADH2
- Carry electrons to ETC (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane)

(2) Chemiosmosis
- H+ travel down the proton gradient via chemiosmosis which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming ATP

Question 35

Where does oxidative phosphorylation fit into cellular respiration

(2) Chemiosmosis
- H+ travel down the proton gradient via ? which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming ?

Answer 35

(2) Chemiosmosis
- H+ travel down the proton gradient via chemiosmosis which provides the energy for a phosphate group to join with ADP, forming ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation also in:
(1) Electron Transport chain
- H+ ions combine iwth coenzymes NAD and FAD to form reduced NADH and FADH2
- Carry electrons to ETC (MIT protein complexes in the inner MIT membrane)

Question 36

Beta oxidation is the process of breaking down ?

Answer 36

Beta oxidation is the process of breaking down fats
Coenzyme A attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting fatty acid chain into 2 carbon chains called Acetyl CoA
- makes several acetyl CoA that enter Kreb’s cycle
- Glycerol enters gluconeogenesis

• 2 pyruvate enter mitochondria and become Acetyl CoA which enters Krebs cycle

Question 37

Beta Oxidation: Fat Breakdown

Beta oxidation:
? attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting ? into 2 carbon chains called ?
- makes several ? that enter Kreb’s cycle
- Glycerol enters ?

Answer 37

Beta Oxidation (Fat breakdown)
Coenzyme A attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting fatty acid chain into 2 carbon chains called Acetyl CoA
- makes several acetyl CoA that enter Kreb’s cycle
- Glycerol enters Gluconeogenesis

Question 38

Acetyl CoA
- Produced through?
- enters (cycle)?

Answer 38

Acetyl CoA
- Produced through:
Beta-oxidation of Fats

• enters (cycle)?
  Krebs cycle

Fat = Glycerol + 3 FA tails

Beta Oxidation (Fat breakdown)
Coenzyme A attaches to end of fatty acid chains and begins splitting fatty acid chain into 2 carbon chains called Acetyl CoA
- makes several acetyl CoA that enter Kreb’s cycle
- Glycerol (of the fat) enters gluconeogenesis -> glucose

Question 39

What happens to the glycerol after Beta-oxidation (breakdown) of fats

Answer 39

Glycerol enters gluconeogenesis -> glucose

Gluconeogenesis = production of glucose through non-carbohydrate (CHO) sources

Fatty acid chain is broken down into 2 carbon chains (Acetyl-CoA) via Coenzyme A

Question 40

What is the current theory regarding Energy Substrates (which are used and when?)

Answer 40

Key: ATP-PCr dominates in first 5-6s in terms of rate and total proportion of ATP generated
- Anaerobic Glycolysis: occurs almost immediately at onset of exercise; slower ATP regeneration due to more reations (Slower source than Phosphocreatine system)

ATP-PCr system can rapidly regenerate ATP
- Creatine Phosphate stored in cytosol of mm cell, close to site of energy utilization
- oxygen independent
- Few metabolic reactions required

Old Theory: ATP-PCr system was solely responsible for ATP regeneration during initial 10-15s of exercise
- Anaerobic glycolysis occurred at onset of CP depletion

Question 41

ATP-PCr
- Energy Release Rate?
- Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 41

ATP-PCr
Energy Release Rate?
- Immediate (1 enzyme = fast process)

Total Capacity/Total available energy?
- Very limited (1 ATP / PCr)
- “Low pay off”

Question 42

Glycolysis (Anaerobic- Ends in ?)
- Energy Release Rate?
- Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 42

Glycolysis (Anaerobic- Ends in lactate)

Energy Release Rate?
- Very fast

Total Capacity/Total available energy?
- Very limited
- Due to build up of lactate and acid

Question 43

Glycolysis (Aerobic)
- Energy Release Rate?
- Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 43

Glycolysis (Aerobic)
- Energy Release Rate?
-Moderate to slow (pyruvate enters Mito. Slower (more steps))

• Total Capacity/Total available energy?
  -2hr energy capacity
  -Marathoners use aerobic glycolysis

Question 44

Beta-oxidation
- Energy Release Rate?
- Total Capacity/Total available energy?

Answer 44

Beta-oxidation
Energy Release Rate?
- very slow

Total Capacity/Total available energy?
- Can sustain exercise for several hours
—–Well-fed healthy individual
—-ultramarathoners (higher potential to make energy)

Requires spliting of the glycerol and FA chains that make up fat
- glycerol enters Gluconeogenesis
- Acetyl-CoA enter Krebs cycle

Question 45

Aerobic vs Anaerobic

All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise
* Both anaerobic and aerobic

The system you predominantly use depends on the ?
– Long duration lower intensity exercise (endurance)
* Favors ? energy production

– Short duration higher intensity exercise (power)
* Favors ? energy production

Answer 45

All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise
* Both anaerobic and aerobic

The system you predominantly use depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise
– Long duration lower intensity exercise (endurance)
* Favors Aerobic energy production

– Short duration higher intensity exercise (power)
* Favors anaerobic energy production

Question 46

All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise
* Both anaerobic and aerobic

The system you predominantly use depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise
– ? exercise
* Favors Aerobic energy production

– ? exercise
* Favors anaerobic energy production

Answer 46

All energy systems contribute to your body’s energy needs during exercise
* Both anaerobic and aerobic

The system you predominantly use depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise
– Long duration lower intensity exercise (endurance)
* Favors Aerobic energy production

– Short duration higher intensity exercise (power)
* Favors anaerobic energy production