8. Fall of Rome and the Early Middle Ages

Question 1

According to Edward Gibbon, what two main forces contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire?
A) Economic decline and military weakness
B) Christianity and barbarian invasions
C) Corruption and plague
D) Slave revolts and famine

Answer 1

B) Christianity and barbarian invasions

Question 2

In Gibbon’s view, how did Christianity weaken the Roman Empire?
A) By promoting warfare among Christian sects
B) By shifting focus away from the material world and classical culture
C) By allying with barbarian tribes
D) By banning Roman military training

Answer 2

B) By shifting focus away from the material world and classical culture

Question 3

What happened to the Western Roman Empire after the barbarian invasions?
A) It was fully absorbed into the Eastern Roman Empire
B) It remained unified under a single Roman emperor
C) It fragmented into various independent barbarian kingdoms
D) It continued as the strongest part of the empire

Answer 3

C) It fragmented into various independent barbarian kingdoms

Question 4

What is the significance of Odoacer’s deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476?
A) It marks the conventional date for the fall of the Western Roman Empire
B) It marks the end of the Eastern Roman Empire
C) It marks the beginning of the Renaissance
D) It marks the conversion of the empire to Christianity

Answer 4

A) It marks the conventional date for the fall of the Western Roman Empire

Question 5

How did the inhabitants of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) refer to themselves?
A) Byzantines
B) Hellenes
C) Romoi (Romans)
D) Orthodox Christians

Answer 5

C) Romoi (Romans)

Question 6

What historical period do some modern historians now use instead of the term “Fall of Rome”?
A) The Pax Romana
B) The Late Middle Ages
C) The Age of Exploration
D) Late Antiquity

Answer 6

D) Late Antiquity

Question 7

Why do some modern historians challenge Gibbon’s interpretation of Rome’s fall?
A) They believe Rome was destroyed primarily by natural disasters
B) They argue there was no sharp break between Roman and medieval history
C) They think the empire fell much earlier, around 300
D) They claim Gibbon ignored economic factors

Answer 7

B) They argue there was no sharp break between Roman and medieval history

Question 8

What is the “Crisis of the Third Century” primarily associated with?
A) The division of the empire into East and West
B) Severe political instability and civil wars
C) The spread of Christianity
D) The rise of barbarian kingdoms

Answer 8

B) Severe political instability and civil wars

Question 9

Why was succession a persistent problem for the Roman Empire after Augustus?
A) Augustus created too many rules for succession
B) Augustus failed to create a formal office of emperor with clear succession rules
C) The Senate refused to participate in imperial s

Answer 9

B) Augustus failed to create a formal office of emperor with clear succession rules

Question 10

How did Commodus contribute to the empire’s instability?
A) By invading the eastern provinces
B) By acting as a competent military leader but poor administrator
C) By alienating the Senate and terrifying the elite with unpredictable behavior
D) By reforming the Senate and reducing military power

Answer 10

C) By alienating the Senate and terrifying the elite with unpredictable behavior

Question 11

What happened after the assassination of Commodus in 192?
A) The Senate appointed a strong and stable ruler
B) The empire peacefully transitioned to the Severan dynasty
C) Civil wars broke out among rival generals
D) The empire immediately split into Eastern and Western halves

Answer 11

C) Civil wars broke out among rival generals

Question 12

What independent “empire” did General Postumus establish during the third-century crisis?
A) The Empire of Dacia
B) The Gallic Empire
C) The Byzantine Empire
D) The Visigothic Kingdom

Answer 12

B) The Gallic Empire

Question 13

What major economic problem worsened the third-century crisis?
A) Collapse of trade routes to China
B) Drastic population decline due to plague
C) Inflation caused by excessive minting of devalued coins
D) Overproduction of agricultural goods leading to deflation

Answer 13

C) Inflation caused by excessive minting of devalued coins

Question 14

What was the purpose of introducing the solidus?
A) To pay tribute to barbarian kingdoms
B) To restore the power of the Senate
C) To provide a reliable gold currency for the military
D) To fund the construction of defensive walls

Answer 14

C) To provide a reliable gold currency for the military

Question 15

What was one key reason emperors began to lose legitimacy during the crisis?
A) The Senate became too powerful and overshadowed the emperor
B) Emperors relied solely on military force without securing senatorial approval
C) Barbarian invasions made Roman law unenforceable
D) Christianity replaced imperial rituals and authority

Answer 15

B) Emperors relied solely on military force without securing senatorial approval

Question 16

According to the historian’s interpretation, why was Augustus’s facade of Republican government important?
A) It created new military positions
B) It gave the emperor the power to dissolve the Senate
C) It maintained senatorial auctoritas, which legitimized imperial rule
D) It prevented the spread of barbarian influence

Answer 16

C) It maintained senatorial auctoritas, which legitimized imperial rule

Question 17

What was the fundamental problem underlying the crisis of the third century?
A) Lack of military power
B) Crisis of auctoritas (legitimacy)
C) Invasion by the Goths
D) Decline of trade routes

Answer 17

B) Crisis of auctoritas (legitimacy)

Question 18

Why were third-century emperors often called “barracks emperors”?
A) They were chosen exclusively by the Senate
B) They were generals elected by the people
C) They gained power mainly through military support
D) They governed only military camps and not the empire

Answer 18

C) They gained power mainly through military support

Question 19

What happened when troops were dissatisfied with an emperor they had helped to power?
A) They exiled him to a remote province
B) They organized peaceful protests
C) They frequently murdered him
D) They appealed to the Senate for a replacement

Answer 19

C) They frequently murdered him

Question 20

What was significant about Diocletian’s reign starting in 284 CE?
A) It marked the collapse of the Roman Empire
B) It restored the old Republic
C) It brought political stability after the crisis
D) It eliminated the use of the military in politics

Answer 20

C) It brought political stability after the crisis

Question 21

What does the term “dominate” refer to in Roman history?
A) A new form of military unit
B) A style of government established by Diocletian
C) The domination of Rome by barbarian tribes
D) The Senate’s return to power

Answer 21

B) A style of government established by Diocletian

Question 22

How did Diocletian emphasize the emperor’s authority and status?
A) By reviving old Republican traditions
B) By encouraging senators to share power
C) By adopting the title dominus and introducing ritual proskynesis
D) By building a new capital in Gaul

Answer 22

C) By adopting the title dominus and introducing ritual proskynesis

Question 23

Which gods were especially associated with Diocletian’s rule?
A) Jupiter and Hercules
B) Mars and Venus
C) Apollo and Diana
D) Isis and Serapis

Answer 23

A) Jupiter and Hercules

Question 24

What change occurred in the emperor’s advisory council under Diocletian and his successors?
A) It was renamed the Senate
B) It became known as the consistory and its members stood in the emperor’s presence
C) It was opened to common citizens
D) It lost all power to the military

Answer 24

B) It became known as the consistory and its members stood in the emperor’s presence

Question 25

Why did emperors increasingly seek legitimacy from the gods after Diocletian? A) The Senate had become too powerful B) The military no longer supported them C) The Senate was no longer an effective source of legitimacy D) The emperor wanted to establish a theocracy

Answer 25

C) The Senate was no longer an effective source of legitimacy

Question 26

hy was the emergence of a theocratic monarchy under Diocletian not shocking to people at the time? A) It was imposed suddenly without precedent B) The Senate forced the emperor to adopt the title dominus C) There had long been a drift toward viewing emperors as divine D) The empire was already officially Christian

Answer 26

C) There had long been a drift toward viewing emperors as divine

Question 27

How did Augustus manage the cult of his genius during his reign? A) He banned it across the entire empire B) He allowed it everywhere, including Rome C) He only permitted it outside the city of Rome D) He personally performed sacrifices to his own genius

Answer 27

C) He only permitted it outside the city of Rome

Question 28

What does the title dominus mean, which Diocletian adopted regularly? A) Father B) Lord C) Savior D) Protector

Answer 28

B) Lord

Question 29

Why were people in the Eastern provinces more accepting of the emperor as a theocratic monarch? A) They had always rejected republicanism B) Their traditions already included kings ruling by divine right C) They were primarily rural and isolated D) They had never paid taxes to Rome

Answer 29

B) Their traditions already included kings ruling by divine right

Question 30

What is the saying “render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and unto God the things that are God’s” often interpreted to show? A) Early Christians rejected Roman citizenship B) Jesus wanted to overthrow the Roman Empire C) Local people expected taxes to go to kings, not the Roman state D) The Senate collected all taxes in the provinces

Answer 30

C) Local people expected taxes to go to kings, not the Roman state

Question 31

What does the emergence of the dominate represent in broader historical terms? A) The decline of Hellenistic influence in Rome B) The fusion of Roman and Hellenistic traditions C) The final stage of the Roman Republic D) The beginning of Christian dominance in government

Answer 31

B) The fusion of Roman and Hellenistic traditions

Question 32

What major administrative change did Diocletian implement to manage the empire more effectively? A) He abolished the Senate B) He created two separate empires permanently C) He divided the empire into eastern and western halves with co-emperors D) He relocated the capital to Alexandria

Answer 32

C) He divided the empire into eastern and western halves with co-emperors

Question 33

What was a key difference between the Eastern and Western parts of the Roman Empire? A) The West was more populous and urbanized B) The East was more rural and underdeveloped C) The East remained more Greek-speaking, populous, and wealthy D) The West had no cities at all

Answer 33

C) The East remained more Greek-speaking, populous, and wealthy

Question 34

What challenge did Christian bishop Irenaeus mention about his work in Gaul? A) He was not allowed to preach publicly B) He was forced to convert to Roman religion C) He had to preach in the locals' non-Latin language D) He had to pay special taxes as a Christian

Answer 34

C) He had to preach in the locals' non-Latin language

Question 35

Why did Diocletian divide the empire into smaller provinces? A. To make it easier for governors to monitor and enforce central government demands B. To give more power to local decurions C. To reduce military expenditures D. To promote economic competition between provinces

Answer 35

A. To make it easier for governors to monitor and enforce central government demands

Question 36

What was a significant challenge for local decurions during the third-century crisis? A. They were required to serve in the military B. They had to personally cover tax shortfalls C. They lost all political influence D. They were forced to move to Rome

Answer 36

B. They had to personally cover tax shortfalls

Question 37

What was a consequence of Constantine granting Christian clergy exemption from decurial service? A. The Christian clergy became politically influential B. Decurions were allowed to serve in the military instead C. Many wealthy men sought ordination to avoid civic duties D. The Senate opposed the exemption and repealed it

Answer 37

C. Many wealthy men sought ordination to avoid civic duties

Question 38

Why did many decurions flee to the countryside? A. To escape heavy taxation and government obligations B. To pursue a more luxurious lifestyle C. To establish trade networks with rural villages D. To become military generals

Answer 38

A. To escape heavy taxation and government obligations

Question 39

What was a long-term effect of decurions fleeing to their country estates? A. The empire established new urban centers B. Cities became more prosperous due to trade with the countryside C. Urban markets declined, leading to self-sufficient rural estates D. The emperor granted land to city officials to prevent migration

Answer 39

C. Urban markets declined, leading to self-sufficient rural estates

Question 40

How did landlords respond to the declining importation of slaves? A. They abolished slavery entirely B. They increased reliance on coloni, dependent farmers C. They imported workers from outside the empire D. They expanded urban industries to attract workers

Answer 40

B. They increased reliance on coloni, dependent farmers

Question 41

Why did Diocletian and Constantine reorganize the army's supply system? A. Inflation and a declining tax base made it harder to provide for the troops B. They wanted to increase the number of legions stationed at the frontier C. The aristocracy demanded a stronger military presence in the cities D. They needed to encourage urban markets to grow

Answer 41

A. Inflation and a declining tax base made it harder to provide for the troops

Question 42

How did the government adapt to inflation when supplying the army? A. It reduced military salaries B. It relied more on imported goods C. It privatized the military supply chain D. It began taxing local suppliers in kind

Answer 42

D. It began taxing local suppliers in kind

Question 43

What was a consequence of the army being dispersed throughout the empire? A. Soldiers increasingly relied on market trade for supplies B. Military forces became more centralized under the emperor C. Soldiers took goods by force, leading to economic disruptions D. The demand for maritime trade increased

Answer 43

C. Soldiers took goods by force, leading to economic disruptions

Question 44

How did the Roman government contribute to economic decline? A. By producing more goods for trade instead of local consumption B. By imposing strict trade laws that favored the cities C. By limiting military expansion and reducing tax collection D. By promoting self-sufficiency, reducing reliance on markets

Answer 44

D. By promoting self-sufficiency, reducing reliance on markets

Question 45

What does the decreasing number of Roman shipwrecks suggest? A. Improvements in shipbuilding and navigation B. A decline in long-distance trade C. Increased military control over trade routes D. The spread of piracy throughout the empire

Answer 45

B. A decline in long-distance trade

Question 46

What did Constantine’s legislation against pilfering marble and columns indicate? A. A cultural shift toward rural lifestyles B. The growing wealth of the countryside C. A lack of construction materials in cities D. The decline of urban centers and infrastructure

Answer 46

D. The decline of urban centers and infrastructure

Question 47

What long-term impact did the Romanization of the countryside have? A. It weakened the influence of Latin in former Roman territories B. It contributed to the development of Romance languages C. It led to a revival of classical Greek as the primary language D. It resulted in the decline of rural populations

Answer 47

B. It contributed to the development of Romance languages

Question 48

How did the third-century crisis impact the Roman ruling elite? A. It allowed military leaders from the provinces to rise to power B. It strengthened the Senate’s control over the empire C. It reinforced the importance of classical education for governors D. It prevented emperors from promoting new men into power

Answer 48

A. It allowed military leaders from the provinces to rise to power

Question 49

What was a key characteristic of the early emperors’ Senate appointments? A. They primarily selected men with military experience B. They promoted individuals unfamiliar with classical civilization C. They chose men well-versed in Latin and Greek literature D. They avoided appointing provincial leaders to high office

Answer 49

C. They chose men well-versed in Latin and Greek literature

Question 50

Why did Diocletian’s theocracy benefit the new ruling class? A. It gave the Senate more influence over military decisions B. It helped them gain legitimacy despite lacking aristocratic respect C. It encouraged more senators to join the military D. It eliminated the role of provincial leaders in government

Answer 50

B. It helped them gain legitimacy despite lacking aristocratic respect

Question 51

What was a major difference between the new ruling class and the previous Roman elite? A. The new rulers were primarily from the senatorial aristocracy B. The new rulers lacked the classical education of their predecessors C. The new rulers relied more on philosophy than military experience D. The new rulers strengthened the Senate’s political role

Answer 51

B. The new rulers lacked the classical education of their predecessors

Question 52

What was the purpose of the breviarium in the fourth century? A. It was a simplified guide to Roman history for busy officials B. It was a philosophical work intended for the aristocracy C. It served as an official military training manual D. It was a collection of Roman laws for provincial governors

Answer 52

A. It was a simplified guide to Roman history for busy officials

Question 53

What was a major break from classical tradition made by Emperor Constantine? A. He restored the power of the Senate B. He focused on rebuilding Rome instead of Constantinople C. He embraced Christianity as a new state religion D. He rejected all provincial influences in government

Answer 53

C. He embraced Christianity as a new state religion

Question 54

What major decision did Emperor Constantine make regarding Christianity in 313 CE? A. He repealed Diocletian’s persecutions and favored Christianity B. He declared Christianity the sole religion of the empire C. He forced all Roman citizens to convert to Christianity D. He banned all other religions from the empire

Answer 54

B. He declared Christianity the sole religion of the empire

Question 55

Why is it important for secular students to study religion when examining European history? A. Religion played a significant role in shaping historical events B. All historians must be religious to understand the past C. Christianity has remained unchanged throughout history D. The beliefs and practices of past Christians were different from those of today

Answer 55

D. The beliefs and practices of past Christians were different from those of today

Question 56

What did Jesus' followers believe about his execution? A. It was a tragic but insignificant event in Jewish history B. It was necessary to atone for humanity’s sin C. It marked the end of his teachings and influence D. It was a sign that he was not the true Messiah

Answer 56

B. It was necessary to atone for humanity’s sin

Question 57

Why did Christianity appeal to non-Jews in the Roman Empire? A. It abandoned Judaism’s dietary and ritual rules B. It required strict observance of Jewish laws C. It was officially supported by the Roman Senate D. It focused solely on the worship of Roman gods

Answer 57

A. It abandoned Judaism’s dietary and ritual rules

Question 58

What challenge did early Christians face within the Roman Empire? A. They were sometimes persecuted for refusing to worship the emperor’s spirit B. They were forced to adopt Greco-Roman religious practices C. They were not allowed to spread their religion D. They were required to serve in the Roman army

Answer 58

A. They were sometimes persecuted for refusing to worship the emperor’s spirit

Question 59

How did Christian intellectuals use Greco-Roman traditions? A. They adapted Greco-Roman philosophy to define and refine Christian doctrines B. They rejected all elements of Greco-Roman thought C. They replaced Greco-Roman artistic styles with completely new ones D. They refused to engage in debates about Christian beliefs

Answer 59

A. They adapted Greco-Roman philosophy to define and refine Christian doctrines

Question 60

How did Christianity's rise to dominance impact Greco-Roman religious practices? A. Pagan temples were neglected or desecrated B. Pagan gods were merged with Christian saints C. Christian leaders encouraged Romans to continue pagan worship D. Paganism and Christianity coexisted equally without conflict

Answer 60

A. Pagan temples were neglected or desecrated

Question 61

What was a key feature of early Christian monasticism? A. Monks and nuns sought to live strict lives of self-denial B. Monks and nuns were required to marry and have children C. Monastic life was focused on accumulating wealth and power D. Monks and nuns were considered unimportant in Christian society

Answer 61

A. Monks and nuns sought to live strict lives of self-denial

Question 62

How did the concept of sainthood develop in Christianity? A. Saints were believed to perform miracles through God’s Holy Spirit B. Saints were considered divine beings equal to God C. Only members of the Roman aristocracy could become saints D. The veneration of saints was a minor and unimportant practice

Answer 62

A. Saints were believed to perform miracles through God’s Holy Spirit

Question 63

By 400 CE, where had Christianity spread beyond the Roman Empire? A. Armenia, Ethiopia, Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and Ireland B. Only within the borders of the Roman Empire C. China and Japan D. Nowhere, as it remained a small sect within Rome

Answer 63

A. Armenia, Ethiopia, Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and Ireland

Question 64

What was Jesus’s primary criticism of the Jewish temple authorities? A. They were too attached to worldly power and wealth B. They were overly strict in enforcing Jewish laws C. They refused to acknowledge Roman authority D. They rejected his teachings because he was not born in Jerusalem

Answer 64

A. They were too attached to worldly power and wealth

Question 65

Why must historians be cautious when using the New Testament as a source? A. It was written in Greek, not the Aramaic spoken by Jesus B. It was written by Jesus himself and may be biased C. It was written during the lifetime of Jesus and his followers D. It is identical to the Jewish Torah and does not provide new insights

Answer 65

A. It was written in Greek, not the Aramaic spoken by Jesus

Question 66

What was a key difference between Roman religious practices and early Christianity? A. Romans worshipped gods to receive worldly benefits, while Christianity embraced suffering B. Romans rejected all forms of religious worship, while Christianity encouraged it C. Romans promoted self-denial, while Christians sought pleasure D. Christianity demanded loyalty to the emperor, while Romans opposed it

Answer 66

A. Romans worshipped gods to receive worldly benefits, while Christianity embraced suffering

Question 67

How did Jesus’s movement differ from mainstream Judaism? A. It emphasized renunciation of the world over temple rituals B. It required strict adherence to Jewish law C. It sought to maintain the status quo in Jewish society D. It rejected monotheism in favor of worshipping multiple go

Answer 67

A. It emphasized renunciation of the world over temple rituals

Question 68

What event convinced Jesus’s followers that he had been resurrected? A. His tomb was found to be empty B. He appeared before the Roman authorities C. He was seen performing miracles after his death D. He wrote letters to his disciples from heaven

Answer 68

A. His tomb was found to be empty

Question 69

Why did the Roman authorities initially take little notice of Christianity? A. Christians were small in number and resembled Jews B. They immediately accepted Christianity as a state religion C. They considered Christianity a branch of Roman paganism D. They banned the religion from the beginning

Answer 69

A. Christians were small in number and resembled Jews

Question 70

What was one of the earliest debates within the Christian community? A. Whether to accept non-Jews and separate from Judaism B. Whether to continue worshipping Roman gods C. Whether to align with the Essenes D. Whether to abandon the teachings of Jesus

Answer 70

A. Whether to accept non-Jews and separate from Judaism

Question 71

How did early Christians differ from Roman philosophical traditions? A. Christianity encouraged suffering as a religious goal B. Christianity rejected the concept of an afterlife C. Romans emphasized suffering while Christians sought pleasure D. Roman philosophers promoted self-denial to a greater degree than Christians

Answer 71

A. Christianity encouraged suffering as a religious goal

Question 72

How did early Christians view the Jewish laws given by Yaweh? A. Some believed they should be followed, while others rejected them B. All Christians agreed that Jewish law should be abandoned C. They strictly adhered to Jewish dietary restrictions D. They sought to replace Judaism with Greek philosophy

Answer 72

A. Some believed they should be followed, while others rejected them

Question 73

What was a major factor in Christianity breaking away from Judaism? A. The destruction of the Jewish temple B. A disagreement over the nature of Jesus’s miracles C. A debate over whether to convert gentiles D. The rise of polytheism within the Jewish community

Answer 73

C. A debate over whether to convert gentiles

Question 74

Why did Paul argue that Jewish law should be set aside for gentiles? A. He wanted to convert only Jewish followers B. He opposed the idea of monotheism C. He believed Christ had fulfilled Jewish law, making it no longer fully relevant D. He argued that following Jewish law was necessary for salvation

Answer 74

C. He believed Christ had fulfilled Jewish law, making it no longer fully relevant

Question 75

What was one of the competitive advantages Christianity had over mystery religions? A. Christianity only accepted members from the Jewish community B. Christianity discouraged suffering, unlike other religions C. Christianity was free to join, unlike some mystery religions that required costly initiation D. Christianity was based on the worship of multiple gods

Answer 75

C. Christianity was free to join, unlike some mystery religions that required costly initiation

Question 76

How did early Christians demonstrate their strong faith? A. By avoiding all contact with non-believers B. By willingly undergoing martyrdom C. By practicing strict dietary restrictions D. By following Roman religious practices

Answer 76

B. By willingly undergoing martyrdom

Question 77

Why did Christianity appeal to many women? A. It required men to undergo circumcision B. It excluded women from leadership roles C. It strictly followed Jewish laws regarding women D. It offered moral and ethical guidelines that included caring for the poor and sick

Answer 77

D. It offered moral and ethical guidelines that included caring for the poor and sick

Question 78

What problem arose as Christianity spread throughout the Mediterranean? A. Christianity was rejected by all non-Jews B. Christian teachings became identical to those of the Roman state religion C. It became difficult to define exactly who was a Christian D. The New Testament was written immediately after Jesus’s death

Answer 78

C. It became difficult to define exactly who was a Christian

Question 79

What was one reason early Christians expected their movement to be short-lived? A. They thought the Roman Empire would convert quickly B. They believed Jesus would return soon to end the world C. They expected persecution to wipe out their followers D. They planned to merge with Judaism eventually

Answer 79

B. They believed Jesus would return soon to end the world

Question 80

How did Christianity respond to the challenge of defining proper beliefs and behaviors? A. By abolishing all religious texts B. By relying only on oral traditions C. By developing a canon of authoritative writings D. By abandoning its ethical teachings

Answer 80

C. By developing a canon of authoritative writings

Question 81

What was the significance of the Christian canon? A. It provided a written guide to moral behavior, similar to Judaism B. It allowed for multiple, contradictory religious texts C. It was created immediately after Jesus’s death D. It replaced the Old Testament entirely

Answer 81

A. It provided a written guide to moral behavior, similar to Judaism

Question 82

What role did monotheism play in Christianity’s appeal? A. It rejected the idea of an afterlife B. It required strict adherence to Jewish laws C. It was the only monotheistic religion of its time D. It offered a god without the weaknesses of polytheistic deities

Answer 82

D. It offered a god without the weaknesses of polytheistic deities

Question 83

What was one of the early ways Christians symbolized their sense of community? A. Performing public baptisms in city squares B. Participating in the "love feast" meal C. Building churches in every Roman province D. Requiring members to memorize scripture

Answer 83

B. Participating in the "love feast" meal

Question 84

What power did early Christian leaders have during the "love feast"? A. They could withhold bread and wine, determining who was a true Christian B. They could appoint Roman officials to oversee church practices C. They could select the texts that would become the New Testament D. They were required to remain silent during the ritual

Answer 84

A. They could withhold bread and wine, determining who was a true Christian

Question 85

What does the Greek term "episkopoi" mean? A. Priest B. Elder C. Overseer D. Teacher

Answer 85

C. Overseer

Question 86

How did bishops gain greater authority over time? A. By claiming they had received their authority from Jesus through the apostles B. By overthrowing the Roman government and taking political power C. By refusing to preach or teach publicly D. By dissolving the practice of apostolic succession

Answer 86

A. By claiming they had received their authority from Jesus through the apostles

Question 87

What was one way the organization of the Christian clergy mirrored the Roman Empire? A. Each city with a substantial Christian community had its own bishop B. The church banned all non-Roman converts C. The Pope was selected by the Roman Senate D. Christianity avoided any form of centralized leadership

Answer 87

A. Each city with a substantial Christian community had its own bishop

Question 88

What was the role of bishops and priests in the early church? A. They primarily acted as military leaders B. They functioned as teachers and legislators for Christians C. They worked as government tax collectors D. They focused only on healing the sick and caring for the poor

Answer 88

B. They functioned as teachers and legislators for Christians

Question 89

What marked an important change in Christian leadership over time? A. The rise of bishops and priests as authoritative figures B. The complete rejection of scripture in favor of oral tradition C. The exclusion of gentiles from Christian communities D. The abandonment of rituals such as communion

Answer 89

A. The rise of bishops and priests as authoritative figures

Question 90

Why was early Christianity particularly attractive to some women? A. It allowed them to hold military leadership positions B. It offered an alternative to traditional family life and societal expectations C. It encouraged women to take multiple husbands D. It required women to live in isolation from men

Answer 90

B. It offered an alternative to traditional family life and societal expectations

Question 91

How did early Christian views challenge traditional Roman social norms? A. Christianity emphasized social equality, including between men and women B. Christianity required all members to become government officials C. Christianity encouraged absolute obedience to Roman authorities D. Christianity promoted strict adherence to traditional Roman gender roles

Answer 91

A. Christianity emphasized social equality, including between men and women

Question 92

What did the development of the clergy and canon result in for church leadership? A. A shift from a diverse group of leaders to a more structured hierarchy B. A return to traditional Jewish temple practices C. The end of the practice of Christian preaching D. The rejection of all non-Christian texts and historical records

Answer 92

A. A shift from a diverse group of leaders to a more structured hierarchy

Question 93

What does the passage suggest about the contested role of women in early Christian communities? A) Women were universally accepted as religious leaders in all Christian communities. B) The passage provides no evidence that women taught in churches. C) Some Christian women taught, but others opposed their involvement. D) Paul's letters encouraged more women to become teachers in the church.

Answer 93

C) Some Christian women taught, but others opposed their involvement.

Question 94

Why did clerical roles in early Christianity become increasingly male-dominated? A) Women voluntarily stepped back from leadership roles. B) Roman law prohibited women from joining the church. C) The church began to mirror societal structures that favored male authority. D) Christian doctrine from the start banned women from all leadership.

Answer 94

C) The church began to mirror societal structures that favored male authority.

Question 95

What role did literacy play in determining leadership within the early church? A) Literate individuals were discouraged from participating in leadership. B) Literacy was not considered important for church roles. C) Literacy allowed greater authority, often favoring men. D) Women were typically more literate and thus gained leadership roles.

Answer 95

C) Literacy allowed greater authority, often favoring men.

Question 96

What was a key belief of the Montanist movement? A) The emperor should be worshipped alongside God. B) Scripture was the only valid source of divine truth. C) God spoke directly through individuals, giving them authority to teach. D) Only men could receive divine revelation.

Answer 96

C) God spoke directly through individuals, giving them authority to teach.

Question 97

Why did Montanism appeal to women, according to the passage? A) Women were granted civic rights through Montanism. B) It allowed women to serve as clergy in the Roman Empire. C) Direct divine inspiration gave them authority outside traditional structures. D) Montanism provided access to secret scriptures written by women.

Answer 97

C) Direct divine inspiration gave them authority outside traditional structures.

Question 98

How were Gnostics similar to Montanists? A) Both denied the existence of God. B) Both emphasized divine knowledge that bypassed scripture and clergy. C) Both sought to revive Roman pagan rituals. D) Both only allowed men to be leaders and teachers.

Answer 98

B) Both emphasized divine knowledge that bypassed scripture and clergy.

Question 99

Why did Enlightenment thinkers criticize Christianity, according to the passage? A) They believed Christianity was a refined version of Roman religion. B) They saw it as a superstitious and irrational rejection of society. C) They embraced martyrdom as a core value. D) They rejected all classical philosophy in favor of Christian teachings.

Answer 99

B) They saw it as a superstitious and irrational rejection of society.

Question 100

What evidence did Edward Gibbon use to support his claim that Christianity undermined classical culture? A) Christians preserved Roman temples and rituals. B) Christianity welcomed all gods from Roman tradition. C) Christians valued martyrdom and rejected the world. D) Christians participated in Roman public worship rituals.

Answer 100

C) Christians valued martyrdom and rejected the world.

Question 101

Why were early Christians accused of “atheism” by Romans? A) They rejected belief in all spiritual forces. B) They failed to respect ancient Jewish traditions. C) They denied the existence of traditional Roman gods. D) They publicly worshipped multiple foreign deities.

Answer 101

C) They denied the existence of traditional Roman gods.

Question 102

Why did Romans find Christian worship practices suspicious? A) Christians held large public ceremonies. B) Their rituals were openly displayed in the streets. C) Christians' private meetings and symbolic acts aroused mistrust. D) Christians invited Roman officials to their love feasts.

Answer 102

C) Christians' private meetings and symbolic acts aroused mistrust.

Question 103

What role did persecution play in early Christianity? A) It reinforced the belief that Christians were separate from the world. B) It caused many Christians to abandon their faith. C) It occurred so rarely that it had little effect on Christian identity. D) It was only directed by Roman emperors, not ordinary people.

Answer 103

A) It reinforced the belief that Christians were separate from the world.

Question 104

How did martyrdom function within early Christian belief? A) It was viewed as unnecessary suffering to be avoided. B) It disqualified individuals from spiritual leadership. C) It was a political tool to gain influence in Roman society. D) It was seen as a gift from God and a path to eternal life.

Answer 104

D) It was seen as a gift from God and a path to eternal life.

Question 105

What perspective did Enlightenment thinkers have toward Christian martyrdom? A) They viewed it as a rational path to spiritual enlightenment. B) They admired the martyrs’ courage but not their faith. C) They saw it as evidence of the religion’s glorification of suffering and death. D) They considered it a heroic continuation of classical stoicism.

Answer 105

C) They saw it as evidence of the religion’s glorification of suffering and death.

Question 106

What did Tertullian mean by asking, “What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” A) He believed philosophy and Christianity should be integrated. B) He argued that classical learning was essential for Christian faith. C) He questioned whether Christians should live in Athens. D) He rejected philosophy’s relevance to Christianity.

Answer 106

D) He rejected philosophy’s relevance to Christianity.

Question 107

What does Tertullian’s reasoning about the crucifixion and resurrection reveal? A) He fully abandoned all elements of classical thought. B) He believed the events were symbolic, not literal. C) He unknowingly applied Greek philosophical reasoning. D) He was attempting to discredit the concept of miracles.

Answer 107

C) He unknowingly applied Greek philosophical reasoning.

Question 108

According to the text, why did Christianity begin to absorb elements of classical culture? A) Christians always admired Roman religious practices. B) Most early Christians were also trained philosophers. C) Church authorities forced all converts to study Aristotle. D) Conversion brought in new ideas from society despite Christian ideals.

Answer 108

D) Conversion brought in new ideas from society despite Christian ideals.

Question 109

How did Tertullian’s background influence his Christian writings? A) He drew on his classical education even as he denounced it. B) He refused to use any classical ideas or rhetoric. C) He replaced philosophical arguments with legal codes. D) He rejected all Greek sources and adopted only Roman ones.

Answer 109

A) He drew on his classical education even as he denounced it.

Question 110

What paradox lies in Tertullian’s use of the absurd to argue for belief? A) He believed absurd claims could not be disproven by skeptics. B) He accepted that absurdity was proof of falsity. C) He used Greek logic to reject Greek learning. D) He borrowed from Roman superstition to affirm Christianity.

Answer 110

C) He used Greek logic to reject Greek learning.

Question 111

What was unusual about Tertullian’s approach to religion in the ancient world? A) He argued for belief rather than simply practicing religious rituals. B) He emphasized worship of multiple gods. C) He believed religion should be kept separate from ethical concerns. D) He rejected all religious traditions before Christianity.

Answer 111

A) He argued for belief rather than simply practicing religious rituals.

Question 112

What was typically the focus of ancient religions before Christianity’s transformation? A) Strict theological doctrine B) Belief in a singular, unknowable god C) Individual mystical experience D) Proper religious behavior and worship (cultus)

Answer 112

D) Proper religious behavior and worship (cultus)

Question 113

How did Greek philosophy influence the development of early Christianity? A) It introduced polytheism to Christian doctrine. B) It encouraged rejection of all religious ideas. C) It reinforced the idea that behavior mattered more than belief. D) It brought in a habit of intellectual debate and concern for correct ideas.

Answer 113

D) It brought in a habit of intellectual debate and concern for correct ideas.

Question 114

Why did Christianity attract philosophically minded converts, according to the passage? A) Its rejection of behavior-based religion B) Its resemblance to the cult of the emperor C) Its tolerance of all spiritual ideas D) Its monotheism, which aligned with philosophical trends

Answer 114

D) Its monotheism, which aligned with philosophical trends

Question 115

What was one of the main outcomes of Christianity’s emphasis on correct belief (doctrine)? A) Greater acceptance of all viewpoints within the church B) The abandonment of written texts and scriptures C) Widespread rejection of bishops’ authority D) The emergence of heresy and the effort to define orthodoxy

Answer 115

D) The emergence of heresy and the effort to define orthodoxy

Question 116

What role did bishops play in the early Christian debates over doctrine? A) They enforced imperial religious policies. B) They avoided philosophical discussions and debates. C) They preserved traditional Roman religion. D) They led doctrinal debates, though they often disagreed with one another

Answer 116

D) They led doctrinal debates, though they often disagreed with one another

Question 117

What does Tertullian’s legacy reveal about early Christian views on orthodoxy and heresy? A) He was universally condemned for his later beliefs. B) He never contributed to Christian theology. C) He was always considered a heretic by the Church. D) He is now seen as orthodox, despite embracing Montanism later in life.

Answer 117

D) He is now seen as orthodox, despite embracing Montanism later in life.

Question 118

Why did the development of doctrine in early Christianity lead to more conflict? A) It resolved theological disagreements across the empire. B) It discouraged intellectual involvement in religious matters. C) It made religion less relevant to everyday life. D) It sharply defined belief, making disagreement more likely.

Answer 118

D) It sharply defined belief, making disagreement more likely.

Question 119

What central theological issue led to the development of the doctrine of the Trinity? A) The difficulty of explaining how Jesus could be divine in a monotheistic religion B) The rejection of all Hebrew scriptures by early Christians C) The need to unite Christianity with Judaism D) The belief that the Holy Spirit was not part of divine nature

Answer 119

A) The difficulty of explaining how Jesus could be divine in a monotheistic religion

Question 120

What was Arius's main argument in the fourth-century doctrinal conflict? A) Jesus and God were different manifestations of the same entity B) Jesus was only divine after the resurrection C) Jesus was a mythological symbol rather than a historical figure D) Jesus could not be divine if God was truly one, so Jesus must have been human

Answer 120

D) Jesus could not be divine if God was truly one, so Jesus must have been human

Question 121

Why did debates over doctrine like Arianism matter so deeply to early Christians? A) They were concerned about losing public support B) Christian leaders wanted to impress the emperor C) Most early Christians rejected the importance of doctrine D) Correct belief was tied to eternal salvation or damnation

Answer 121

D) Correct belief was tied to eternal salvation or damnation

Question 122

What role did Greek philosophy play in shaping early Christian theology? A) It encouraged Christians to stop using scripture B) It introduced the concept of a warrior god C) It rejected all discussion about truth D) It emphasized the pursuit of a single, exclusive truth

Answer 122

D) It emphasized the pursuit of a single, exclusive truth

Question 123

How did Constantine’s conversion to Christianity influence the religion’s status in the Roman Empire? A) It caused Christianity to splinter into many sects B) It resulted in the immediate outlawing of all other religions C) It had little effect on Christianity’s public image D) It marked the beginning of Christianity’s rise to political power

Answer 123

D) It marked the beginning of Christianity’s rise to political power

Question 124

According to the story of Constantine’s vision, why did he convert to Christianity? A) He was forced by Christian soldiers B) He sought forgiveness for his past actions C) He rejected all forms of wealth and power D) He believed the Christian god granted him military victory

Answer 124

D) He believed the Christian god granted him military victory

Question 125

What action did Emperor Theodosius take regarding religion in the empire? A) He converted back to paganism B) He made Christianity optional for Roman citizens C) He encouraged peaceful coexistence of all religions D) He outlawed all religions except Christianity and Judaism

Answer 125

D) He outlawed all religions except Christianity and Judaism

Question 126

What long-term tension did Christianity face after becoming the empire’s dominant religion? A) It began to ignore doctrine and dogma B) It tried to abolish the idea of salvation C) It rejected all government involvement in religious matters D) It gained wealth and power while still preaching their rejection

Answer 126

D) It gained wealth and power while still preaching their rejection

Question 127

What major shift did Constantine make in the relationship between religion and the Roman Empire? A. He outlawed all pagan practices B. He replaced Jupiter with the Christian God as the empire’s patron C. He declared himself a god D. He ended all religious councils

Answer 127

B. He replaced Jupiter with the Christian God as the empire’s patron

Question 128

Why was Constantine’s title “equal to the apostles” considered extraordinary? A. Because he rewrote the Christian canon B. Because emperors were rarely associated with religion C. Because Christians believed the apostles’ authority came from writing scripture D. Because he founded a new branch of Christianity

Answer 128

C. Because Christians believed the apostles’ authority came from writing scripture

Question 129

What was the main purpose of the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE? A. To establish the authority of bishops B. To finalize the books of the Bible C. To resolve a theological dispute involving Arius D. To promote monasticism across the empire

Answer 129

C. To resolve a theological dispute involving Arius

Question 130

What is the significance of the Nicene Creed? A. It officially condemned Constantine’s enemies B. It is still widely accepted as a central statement of Christian belief C. It rejected all pagan influences in Christianity D. It established the papacy

Answer 130

B. It is still widely accepted as a central statement of Christian belief

Question 131

Why did Christian asceticism emerge after Constantine's reign? A. Because Constantine enforced mandatory suffering B. Because persecution and martyrdom were no longer widespread C. Because it was a Roman tradition D. Because it was ordered by church councils

Answer 131

B. Because persecution and martyrdom were no longer widespread

Question 132

What role did Saint Antony play in the ascetic movement? A. He wrote the Nicene Creed B. He founded the first church council C. He modeled extreme asceticism by retreating into the desert D. He introduced monastic life to the Western Empire

Answer 132

C. He modeled extreme asceticism by retreating into the desert

Question 133

What is the defining feature of coenobitic monasticism? A. Total isolation from all human contact B. Life in a monastery under a common rule and leader C. Focus on academic study D. Living atop pillars for long periods

Answer 133

B. Life in a monastery under a common rule and leader

Question 134

What was one reason coenobitic monasticism became popular in the Western Roman Empire? A. The West had a stronger economy than the East B. It was mandated by Constantine C. Barbarian invasions made communal living safer D. Pillar saints became too powerful

Answer 134

C. Barbarian invasions made communal living safer

Question 135

How did monastic communities support themselves in the declining cities of the West? A. By depending on imperial funding B. By receiving food from city dwellers C. By owning and farming land D. By taxing local populations

Answer 135

C. By owning and farming land

Question 136

What architectural model influenced the design of medieval monasteries? A. Greek temples B. Egyptian pyramids C. Roman villas D. Byzantine cathedrals

Answer 136

C. Roman villas

Question 137

Why did western monasticism develop a more moderate form of asceticism? A. Because aristocrats converted late and brought classical cultural ideals with them B. Because church councils banned extreme ascetic practices C. Because eastern asceticism was unpopular in Rome D. Because Christianity was only recently legalized

Answer 137

A. Because aristocrats converted late and brought classical cultural ideals with them

Question 138

How did Plato’s philosophy influence western monastic ideals? A. It encouraged violence against non-Christians B. It promoted devotion to the senses C. It was rejected outright by Christian thinkers D. It emphasized contemplation over sensory indulgence

Answer 138

D. It emphasized contemplation over sensory indulgence

Question 139

What helped monasteries in the West become wealthy over time? A. Strict adherence to personal poverty B. Control of city commerce C. Land donations from aristocratic families D. Financial support from the eastern empire

Answer 139

C. Land donations from aristocratic families

Question 140

In what way did monasteries contribute to the preservation of classical culture? A. By building new cities based on Roman models B. By copying texts and educating noble children C. By collecting taxes for libraries D. By training monks as historians for the state

Answer 140

B. By copying texts and educating noble children

Question 141

How did bishops gain political influence as the Roman Empire declined? A. They were appointed directly by the emperor B. They inherited power from local noble families C. They assumed leadership roles left by weakening imperial authority D. They purchased estates from retiring senators

Answer 141

C. They assumed leadership roles left by weakening imperial authority

Question 142

What was significant about Pope Gregory the Great’s background? A. He was the first pope chosen by a public vote B. He was from an aristocratic Roman senatorial family C. He was trained as a soldier before entering the church D. He was a former barbarian king converted to Christianity

Answer 142

B. He was from an aristocratic Roman senatorial family

Question 143

How did Bishop Ambrose respond to Emperor Theodosius’s massacre in Thessalonica? A. He wrote a letter praising the emperor’s strength B. He demanded a public execution of the emperor’s generals C. He excluded Theodosius from church rites until he repented D. He encouraged the emperor to retire and join a monastery

Answer 143

C. He excluded Theodosius from church rites until he repented

Question 144

What biblical comparison is made regarding the relationship between Ambrose and Theodosius? A. Moses and Aaron B. David and Goliath C. Elijah and Ahab D. Peter and Paul

Answer 144

C. Elijah and Ahab

Question 145

What new element did Christianity introduce to challenge the legitimacy of rulers, in addition to morality? A. Social hierarchy B. Religious doctrine C. Military service D. Ritual tradition

Answer 145

B. Religious doctrine

Question 146

Why couldn’t Arians accept Constantine’s claim to be God’s agent on earth? A. They believed in multiple gods B. They thought Constantine was a false prophet C. They rejected the decision made at the Council of Nicaea D. They followed Jewish rather than Christian beliefs

Answer 146

C. They rejected the decision made at the Council of Nicaea

Question 147

What does Jerome's life reflect about Christian attitudes toward classical culture? A. They saw classical culture as entirely evil B. They had little exposure to classical learning C. They embraced it without criticism D. They felt conflicted or ambivalent about it

Answer 147

D. They felt conflicted or ambivalent about it

Question 148

What was Jerome’s major contribution to Christianity? A. Founding the first monastery in Rome B. Writing the Nicene Creed C. Translating the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate) D. Leading the Council of Nicaea

Answer 148

C. Translating the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate)

Question 149

How did Jerome interpret the sack of Rome by the Visigoths in 410? A. As a call to abandon all earthly possessions B. As a symbolic fall of Jerusalem and Rome C. As a punishment for the Church’s growing power D. As the fulfillment of pagan prophecy

Answer 149

B. As a symbolic fall of Jerusalem and Rome

Question 150

How did Jerome express his grief over Rome’s fall? A. By retreating into silence B. By condemning the Visigoths directly in speeches C. Through a blend of biblical and classical language D. Through writing a new gospel

Answer 150

C. Through a blend of biblical and classical language

Question 151

What was Augustine’s major point in The City of God? A. Christians should conquer pagan cities B. The Roman Empire had divine authority C. There are two cities: one divine, one worldly D. Christianity should be abandoned for a simpler faith

Answer 151

C. There are two cities: one divine, one worldly

Question 152

What key tension did Augustine's work highlight for future Christians? A. Between faith and science B. Between politics and war C. Between accepting the world and rejecting it D. Between Rome and Constantinople

Answer 152

C. Between accepting the world and rejecting it

Question 153

What happened to the western half of the Roman Empire in the 400s? A. It formed an alliance with Eastern Rome B. It entered a period of cultural revival C. It collapsed and was replaced by barbarian kingdoms D. It expanded its territory into Asia

Answer 153

C. It collapsed and was replaced by barbarian kingdoms

Question 154

What was one major consequence of the loss of imperial infrastructure in the western provinces? A. Increased trade with Asia B. Growth of cities and urban planning C. Decline or disappearance of urban life D. Revival of pagan religious traditions

Answer 154

C. Decline or disappearance of urban life

Question 155

According to the text, how did classical education and culture fare in the former western Roman provinces? A. It was completely preserved by barbarian kings B. It was replaced by eastern traditions C. It faded away D. It evolved into modern secular culture Answer: C. It faded away

Answer 155

C. It faded away

Question 156

What did historian Edward Gibbon blame for the fall of the Western Roman Empire? A. Internal corruption B. Economic inflation C. Religious disputes D. Barbarian invasions

Answer 156

D. Barbarian invasion

Question 157

What do modern historians debate regarding the fall of Rome? A. Whether Christianity was responsible B. Whether the empire collapsed due to internal reforms C. Whether barbarians invaded or were drawn in by Rome’s collapse D. Whether the Eastern Empire helped the West

Answer 157

C. Whether barbarians invaded or were drawn in by Rome’s collapse

Question 158

What event occurred in 410 that symbolized Rome’s vulnerability? A. The founding of Constantinople B. The fall of the Eastern Roman Empire C. The sacking of Rome by Visigoths D. The coronation of Charlemagne

Answer 158

C. The sacking of Rome by Visigoths

Question 159

Which of the following best describes barbarian peoples like the Franks and Goths, according to the text? A. They were hostile destroyers of Roman civilization B. They were uninterested in Roman traditions C. They were uncivilized nomads D. They sought opportunity within the Roman world

Answer 159

D. They sought opportunity within the Roman world

Question 160

By the 700s, which barbarian group had established the largest kingdom in the West? A. Goths B. Anglos C. Franks D. Vandals

Answer 160

C. Franks

Question 161

What aspiration did the Frankish kingdom hold? A. To convert to Eastern Orthodoxy B. To establish a new Roman Republic C. To claim the legacy of ancient Rome D. To conquer Asia Minor

Answer 161

C. To claim the legacy of ancient Rome

Question 162

What lasting effect did the fall of Rome have on European political unity? A. Europe became a single empire under the Pope B. Europe was never again united politically C. Europe united under Charlemagne for centuries D. Europe became ruled by the Eastern Roman Empire

Answer 162

B. Europe was never again united politically

Question 163

According to Gibbon, what was one of the main reasons the Roman Empire fell? A. Natural disasters B. Corruption of the Senate C. Christian indifference and barbarian invasion D. Plague and famine

Answer 163

C. Christian indifference and barbarian invasion

Question 164

What characteristic did not define the Germanic barbarians, according to the text? A. Literacy and urban living B. Loyalty to charismatic leaders C. Lack of a formal government D. Use of force or persuasion in disputes

Answer 164

A. Literacy and urban living

Question 165

How were disputes typically resolved among the Germanic peoples? A. Through a neutral court system B. By appealing to the Roman emperor C. Through persuasion, force, or feud D. By religious authorities

Answer 165

C. Through persuasion, force, or feud

Question 166

What is a modern historian's suggested definition of a Germanic "tribe"? A. A group led by a Roman-appointed governor B. A band of nomads who practiced Christianity C. A group of barbarians not divided by a feud D. An organized city-state with written laws

Answer 166

C. A group of barbarians not divided by a feud

Question 167

What happened in 476 that marked the end of the Western Roman Empire? A. Rome was rebuilt by Germanic tribes B. The Senate declared independence from the emperor C. Odoacer sent the emperor’s diadem to Constantinople D. The Roman army conquered Germanic territories

Answer 167

C. Odoacer sent the emperor’s diadem to Constantinople

Question 168

What argument do modern historians make regarding the relationship between Romans and barbarians? A. Barbarians were entirely separate and hostile to Rome B. The Romans taught the barbarians everything they knew C. There was a cultural fusion between Romans and Germanic peoples D. The barbarians aimed to destroy Roman civilization completely

Answer 168

C. There was a cultural fusion between Romans and Germanic peoples

Question 169

How did Roman civilization begin to resemble that of the Germans before the invasions? A. By converting en masse to paganism B. Through loss of cities and reliance on local landowners C. By building castles and fortresses in the countryside D. By electing Germanic leaders to the Senate

Answer 169

B. Through loss of cities and reliance on local landowners

Question 170

What does the text imply about the effectiveness of Roman central government by the fifth century? A. It was strong and centralized B. It had improved due to reforms C. It was weakening and losing authority D. It was increasingly respected by the aristocracy

Answer 170

C. It was weakening and losing authority

Question 171

What clothing item, originally a barbarian costume, became common among Romans by the end of the third century? A. Toga B. Tunic C. Trousers D. Cloak

Answer 171

C. Trousers

Question 172

What Germanic tradition influenced the way Roman emperors were honored in the fourth century? A. Wearing animal pelts B. Acclamation by raising on shields C. Sword duels for leadership D. Sacrificing to gods before battles

Answer 172

B. Acclamation by raising on shields

Question 173

What does the participation of German prisoners in the Roman army suggest about Germanic culture? A. They were fiercely loyal to their tribes B. They avoided Roman influence C. Tribal loyalty was not strong D. They never accepted Roman rule

Answer 173

C. Tribal loyalty was not strong

Question 174

What term describes whole Germanic tribes that were allowed to settle and defend Roman borders? A. Centurions B. Magistrates C. Foederati D. Consuls

Answer 174

C. Foederati

Question 175

How did many Germanic individuals rise in Roman society? A. By trade and commerce B. Through the army C. By marriage into Roman families D. As teachers and scholars

Answer 175

B. Through the army

Question 176

What happened during the initial encounter between the Visigoths and the Roman Empire in 376? A. The Visigoths destroyed Rome immediately B. The Romans welcomed them as citizens C. The Visigoths were settled as foederati, but were mistreated D. The Visigoths refused to join the empire

Answer 176

C. The Visigoths were settled as foederati, but were mistreated

Question 177

What was the outcome of the Battle of Adrianople in 378? A. Rome defeated the Visigoths B. The Visigoths were expelled from the empire C. The Visigoths crushed the Roman army and killed Emperor Valens D. A peace treaty was signed with the Huns

Answer 177

C. The Visigoths crushed the Roman army and killed Emperor Valens

Question 178

Why did the Visigoths rebel again in 395? A. They wanted to establish an independent empire B. Their leader, Alaric, was denied the office of "Master of the Soldiers" C. They were pushed out of Spain D. The Huns invaded their territory

Answer 178

B. Their leader, Alaric, was denied the office of "Master of the Soldiers"

Question 179

What significant event occurred in 410 involving the Visigoths? A. They returned to their homeland B. They became Roman citizens C. They sacked the city of Rome D. They conquered Constantinople

Answer 179

C. They sacked the city of Rome

Question 180

How did the Visigothic kingdom in Spain relate to the Roman Empire? A. It completely rejected Roman institutions B. It remained in constant war with the Romans C. It preserved elements of Roman administration and acknowledged the emperor D. It was founded by a Roman emperor

Answer 180

C. It preserved elements of Roman administration and acknowledged the emperor

Question 181

Why did Germanic kings continue tax collection in their kingdoms? A. To support the Roman Senate B. To build new cities C. To pay tribute to the Eastern emperor D. To reward their followers and maintain loyalty

Answer 181

D. To reward their followers and maintain loyalty

Question 182

What difficulty arose from allowing leaders to keep tax revenue? A. It increased tribal warfare B. It caused famines in cities C. It weakened royal authority over subordinates D. It strengthened the Roman Senate

Answer 182

C. It weakened royal authority over subordinates

Question 183

What was the initial motivation behind Theodoric’s invasion of Italy in 489? A) He sought to completely destroy Roman influence in Italy. B) It was a personal ambition to rule the entire Western Roman Empire. C) It was encouraged by the Eastern Roman emperor to divert the Gothic threat. D) He wanted to convert the Roman population to Gothic traditions.

Answer 183

C) It was encouraged by the Eastern Roman emperor to divert the Gothic threat.

Question 184

Although Theodoric ruled Italy independently, why did he maintain the appearance of being an agent of the Roman emperor? A) He feared military retaliation from the Eastern Empire. B) He wanted to preserve the unity of the Christian church. C) It gave him prestige and reassured Roman subjects. D) He lacked the authority to claim full kingship.

Answer 184

C) It gave him prestige and reassured Roman subjects.

Question 185

What role did Cassiodorus play in Theodoric’s administration? A) He led Theodoric’s military campaigns. B) He converted the Goths to Christianity. C) He acted as a cultural bridge, writing in Latin and helping run the government. D) He served as the official historian of the Roman emperors.

Answer 185

C) He acted as a cultural bridge, writing in Latin and helping run the government.

Question 186

What was the significance of the myth linking the Goths to Troy? A) It showed the Goths' desire to distance themselves from Roman heritage. B) It helped justify Gothic rule by associating them with Rome's legendary origins. C) It proved the historical accuracy of Gothic migration legends. D) It was created by the Roman Senate to undermine Gothic authority.

Answer 186

B) It helped justify Gothic rule by associating them with Rome's legendary origins.

Question 187

What did Theodoric do that symbolized a continuation of Roman traditions? A) He abolished the Roman Senate. B) He renamed Italy after the Goths. C) He appointed Roman senators as consuls recognized by the Eastern Empire. D) He converted all Romans to Gothic paganism.

Answer 187

C) He appointed Roman senators as consuls recognized by the Eastern Empire.

Question 188

What does the reign of Justinian (527–565) illustrate about the Eastern Empire? A) It had lost all interest in the Western provinces. B) It had no military capacity to recover the West. C) It had enough strength to reconquer parts of the Western Empire. D) It was weaker and more unstable than the Western kingdoms.

Answer 188

C) It had enough strength to reconquer parts

Question 189

What was the long-term result of Justinian’s western campaigns? A) Permanent recovery of the western provinces. B) Renewed economic prosperity in the West. C) Widespread peace and unity across the empire. D) Short-term success followed by economic and infrastructural decline.

Answer 189

D) Short-term success followed by economic and infrastructural decline.

Question 190

What does the change in pottery during the sixth century suggest about the standard of living? A. Pottery became more decorative and artistically complex. B. People began using imported pottery more frequently. C. The decline in pottery quality reflected a broader decline in living standards. D. Pottery production increased due to local innovations.

Answer 190

C. The decline in pottery quality reflected a broader decline in living standards.

Question 191

What was a key benefit of the Roman-era pottery used by peasants? A. It was colorful and artistically valuable. B. It was soft and biodegradable. C. It was uniform and easy to store. D. It was made from locally available materials.

Answer 191

C. It was uniform and easy to store.

Question 192

Which of the following best characterizes the pottery that replaced Roman-era ceramics? A. More durable and hygienic B. Locally produced but less refined C. Imported from further distances D. Identical in quality but with different shapes

Answer 192

B. Locally produced but less refined

Question 193

What shift in building practices occurred under barbarian kings compared to the Roman period? A. Use of concrete became widespread. B. Buildings became taller and more elaborate. C. Construction increasingly relied on local and less durable materials. D. Quarried stone and tile became even more common.

Answer 193

C. Construction increasingly relied on local and less durable materials.

Question 194

Why was the use of stone and tile in buildings considered important beyond aesthetics? A. They were easier to construct than wooden buildings. B. They were less expensive and more widely available. C. They reduced the spread of disease due to their cleanability. D. They could be transported more easily over long distances.

Answer 194

C. They reduced the spread of disease due to their cleanability.

Question 195

What does the archaeological evidence from Britain during the fifth and sixth centuries reveal? A. An increase in urban development. B. Continuation of Roman architectural styles. C. A decline in the use of durable building materials. D. Widespread use of imported luxury goods.

Answer 195

C. A decline in the use of durable building materials.

Question 196

What can be inferred about health conditions in sixth-century Britain from the text? A. People lived longer due to improved medical knowledge. B. Disease was less common because of advanced sanitation. C. Health deteriorated due to inferior housing and materials. D. Better diets offset the effects of poor housing.

Answer 196

C. Health deteriorated due to inferior housing and materials.

Question 197

According to burial data from Great Chesterton, what was a likely life expectancy trend in the sixth century? A. Most people lived past the age of 60. B. Infant mortality was rare. C. Many individuals died by the age of 35 or younger. D. Life expectancy increased due to better diets.

Answer 197

C. Many individuals died by the age of 35 or younger.

Question 198

What happened to Justinian's reconquests after his death? A. They were largely reversed by invading barbarian groups. B. They expanded further under his successors. C. They became permanent parts of the Byzantine Empire. D. They were peacefully absorbed into the Roman Empire. Answer: A

Answer 198

A. They were largely reversed by invading barbarian groups.

Question 199

What does the silver plaque of King Agilulf reveal about Roman influence? A. It shows a complete rejection of Roman traditions. B. It depicts Agilulf in typical barbarian attire and ceremony. C. It is written entirely in a Germanic language. D. It reflects Roman traditions, like the triumph ceremony, still being admired.

Answer 199

D. It reflects Roman traditions, like the triumph ceremony, still being admired.

Question 200

Although influenced by Roman traditions, how does the plaque of Agilulf differ from classical Roman art? A. It uses Latin inscriptions exclusively. B. It imitates Greek sculpture. C. It shows no artistic influence from other cultures. D. Its style is more Germanic than classical Roman.

Answer 200

D. Its style is more Germanic than classical Roman.

Question 201

What does the text identify as a “gross measure” of Roman cultural survival? A. The continued use and evolution of Latin. B. The endurance of Roman law codes. C. The preservation of Roman military tactics. D. The survival of Roman architectural styles.

Answer 201

A. The continued use and evolution of Latin.

Question 202

What happened to the Latin language in former Roman territories? A. It was replaced by Germanic languages. B. It became unified across the empire. C. It remained unchanged for centuries. D. It evolved into various regional languages.

Answer 202

D. It evolved into various regional languages.

Question 203

Which of the following regions retained the least Roman culture after the empire's fall? A. Gaul and Dacia B. Italy and Spain C. North Africa and Britain D. Southern France and Romania

Answer 203

C. North Africa and Britain

Question 204

Which barbarian kingdom is noted in the text as having a long-lasting future? A. The Visigoths B. The Lombards C. The Vandals D. The Franks

Answer 204

D. The Franks

Question 205

What major source informs historians about the early Frankish kingdom? A. Gregory of Tours’s History of the Franks B. The Merovingian Royal Archive C. Letters of Queen Fredegund D. The Imperial Records of Constantinople

Answer 205

A. Gregory of Tours’s History of the Franks

Question 206

What was Gregory of Tours’s background? A. He was a Frankish warlord turned monk. B. He was an illiterate chronicler who learned to write later in life. C. He was the son of King Clovis and a Roman senator. D. He was a bishop from a Roman senatorial family.

Answer 206

D. He was a bishop from a Roman senatorial family.

Question 207

What religious decision helped Clovis and his dynasty stand out among other Germanic tribes? A. He rejected all forms of Christianity. B. He converted to Arian Christianity. C. He remained a pagan throughout his life. D. He converted to orthodox (Catholic) Christianity.

Answer 207

D. He converted to orthodox (Catholic) Christianity.

Question 208

What does the legend of Merovetch suggest about Merovingian origins? A. The family descended from a noble Roman line. B. Their ancestry was invented by Byzantine historians. C. They were adopted by Clovis from another kingdom. D. They were mythically descended from a sea monster.

Answer 208

D. They were mythically descended from a sea monster.

Question 209

How did Clovis demonstrate his connection to the Roman world after being recognized as consul? A. He rebuilt Roman aqueducts and roads in Gaul. B. He wrote letters in Latin to the emperor in Constantinople. C. He founded a new Roman Senate in Gaul. D. He distributed coins to the public in a Roman-style ceremony.

Answer 209

D. He distributed coins to the public in a Roman-style ceremony.

Question 210

How did the Franks treat taxation, according to the passage? A. They saw taxes as personal rights rather than public revenue. B. They created a centralized system to collect taxes fairly. C. They heavily taxed only non-Franks. D. They used Roman tax systems without change.

Answer 210

A. They saw taxes as personal rights rather than public revenue.

Question 211

What does the story of Queen Fredegund and King Chilperic reveal about Frankish views on taxation? A. Taxes were considered sacred and untouchable. B. Tax records were carefully preserved by religious leaders. C. Destroying tax records was illegal and scandalous. D. Taxes were treated as personal property, and their destruction could be an act of penance.

Answer 211

D. Taxes were treated as personal property, and their destruction could be an act of penance.

Question 212

How did Gregory of Tours view the destruction of tax records by Fredegund and Chilperic? A. He was shocked and considered it treasonous. B. He blamed it for the fall of the Frankish economy. C. He remained neutral, expressing no opinion. D. He appeared to approve of the action, despite disliking Fredegund.

Answer 212

D. He appeared to approve of the action, despite disliking Fredegund.

Question 213

How was Clovis’s kingdom treated after his death? A. It was unified under a single successor. B. It was inherited by the Church. C. It was handed back to the eastern emperor. D. It was divided among his sons as personal property.

Answer 213

D. It was divided among his sons as personal property.

Question 214

What does the text suggest about law and governance in Frankish society? A. Law codes primarily aimed to end feuds with compensation. B. Frankish kings enforced a strong central government. C. Roman legal traditions dominated completely. D. Taxation supported extensive infrastructure projects.

Answer 214

A. Law codes primarily aimed to end feuds with compensation.

Question 215

What does Gregory’s History of the Franks reveal about marriage in the barbarian kingdoms compared to Roman times? A. Marriage offered women fewer political opportunities than in the Roman Empire. B. Marriage was strictly monogamous and rigidly controlled. C. Marriage continued to offer women some political influence through their husbands and sons. D. Women were completely excluded from power through marriage.

Answer 215

C. Marriage continued to offer women some political influence through their husbands and sons.

Question 216

How did Fredegund exercise political power during and after her husband’s reign? A. She negotiated peace treaties with neighboring kingdoms. B. She became a Christian martyr and spiritual leader. C. She relied solely on her title as queen. D. She used her wealth to command troops and hire assassins.

Answer 216

D. She used her wealth to command troops and hire assassins.

Question 217

What relationship existed between Fredegund and Brunhild? A. They were sisters working together in government. B. They were co-rulers of the same kingdom. C. They were lifelong allies in royal politics. D. They were fierce rivals involved in violent conflict.

Answer 217

D. They were fierce rivals involved in violent conflict.

Question 218

What factors made it more likely for women to gain political influence in Germanic society? A. Strict inheritance laws that favored daughters B. The education system established by the Church C. The rise of monasteries and nunneries D. The flexibility of marriage practices, like polygyny and easy divorce

Answer 218

D. The flexibility of marriage practices, like polygyny and easy divorce

Question 219

How was Fredegund originally connected to King Chilperic? A. She was his cousin. B. She was a noblewoman from Gaul. C. She was his political advisor. D. She began as his slave.

Answer 219

D. She began as his slave.

Question 220

What gave women in barbarian kingdoms greater direct control of armed forces compared to women under the Roman Empire? A. Their roles as commanders in the military B. Their education in military academies C. Their access to and control of personal treasure D. Their equal rights under Germanic law

Answer 220

C. Their access to and control of personal treasure

Question 221

What does the text suggest about Germanic attitudes toward divorce? A. Divorce was rare and strictly forbidden. B. Divorce required the approval of the Church. C. Divorce was easy and commonly practiced. D. Divorce could only be initiated by the wife.

Answer 221

C. Divorce was easy and commonly practiced.

Question 222

How did polygyny influence political dynamics in Germanic kingdoms? A. It ensured that all royal wives had equal power. B. It weakened women’s chances of political involvement. C. It reduced competition among royal women. D. It increased the odds of powerful men pairing with politically capable women.

Answer 222

D. It increased the odds of powerful men pairing with politically capable women.

Question 223

Why do historians refer to the East Roman Empire as the Byzantine Empire? A. Because it was founded by the Byzantines B. To distinguish it from the earlier Greek Empire C. To avoid confusion with the collapsed Western Roman Empire D. Because Constantinople was formerly called Byzantine

Answer 223

C. To avoid confusion with the collapsed Western Roman Empire

Question 224

What was the strategic significance of Constantinople's location? A. It was on the Silk Road. B. It controlled the straits between the Black and Mediterranean seas. C. It was the closest city to Rome. D. It was easy to conquer and rebuild.

Answer 224

B. It controlled the straits between the Black and Mediterranean seas.

Question 225

Which of the following was NOT a reason the Byzantine Empire survived while the Western Roman Empire fell? A. Access to trade routes B. Strong emperors and state infrastructure C. Isolation from invasions D. Urban population and wealth

Answer 225

C. Isolation from invasions

Question 226

Who posed a threat to the Byzantine eastern frontier in the 600s before the Arab invasions? A. The Slavs B. The Persians C. The Huns D. The Goths

Answer 226

B. The Persians

Question 227

What architectural style did the Byzantines develop that influenced both Christian and Muslim builders? A. Romanesque B. Gothic C. Domed churches with shimmering mosaics D. Minarets and pointed arches

Answer 227

C. Domed churches with shimmering mosaics

Question 228

What was one major legacy of Byzantine scholars? A. They invented the Arabic numeral system. B. They preserved classical Greek knowledge. C. They wrote the Quran. D. They developed modern physics.

Answer 228

B. They preserved classical Greek knowledge.

Question 229

What role did Byzantine emperors play in the Greek Church? A. They rejected Christianity entirely. B. They were spiritual leaders but had no political power. C. They had strong influence, appointing bishops and summoning councils. D. They were not involved in church affairs.

Answer 229

C. They had strong influence, appointing bishops and summoning councils.

Question 230

What long-term cultural impact did Byzantine missionaries have in Eastern Europe? A. They converted the Franks to Catholicism. B. They established a Latin-speaking elite. C. They spread Greek Christianity, contributing to the East–West religious divide. D. They introduced Roman law to China.

Answer 230

C. They spread Greek Christianity, contributing to the East–West religious divide.

Question 231

What motivated the Arab expansion into East Roman and Persian territories in the 600s? A. A search for agricultural land B. A new monotheistic faith: Islam C. A desire to destroy all empires D. Revenge for previous invasions

Answer 231

B. A new monotheistic faith: Islam

Question 232

How did Arab conquerors generally treat the local populations in newly acquired territories? A. They enslaved them. B. They forced them to convert to Islam. C. They allowed local autonomy in exchange for taxes. D. They relocated them to Arabia.

Answer 232

C. They allowed local auto

Question 233

How did Muslim scholars contribute to the preservation and spread of knowledge? A. By conquering universities in Europe B. By writing their own original Greek texts C. By translating and synthesizing Greek, Persian, and Indian works D. By rejecting non-Islamic science and philosophy

Answer 233

C. By translating and synthesizing Greek, Persian, and Indian works

Question 234

Which of the following was a result of the Arab Empire’s unity and shared culture? A. Difficulty in communication B. Fragmentation of religious beliefs C. Revival of urban society and trade D. Decline in literacy

Answer 234

C. Revival of urban society and trade

Question 235

What unintended consequence did Justinian’s reconquest of the West have? A. It alienated the West and weakened Byzantium B. It unified Christianity across East and West C. It led to peace with Persia D. It expanded Byzantine trade routes

Answer 235

A. It alienated the West and weakened Byzantium

Question 236

Why was Byzantium poorly positioned to respond to the Arab Muslim conquests? A. It was geographically isolated B. It was economically dependent on Persia C. It lacked access to major rivers D. It was weakened by wars, internal divisions, and religious conflict

Answer 236

D. It was weakened by wars, internal divisions, and religious conflict

Question 237

What major province did Byzantium lose to Arab armies in the seventh century? A. Gaul B. Anatolia C. Mesopotamia D. Egypt

Answer 237

D. Egypt

Question 238

What was one reason some people in Byzantine territories may have welcomed Arab conquest? A. They wanted to convert to Islam B. They were promised more land C. They hoped to escape religious oppression from Byzantine authorities D. They were under attack by the Persians

Answer 238

C. They hoped to escape religious oppression from Byzantine authorities

Question 239

Where did Islam originate? A. Arabia, outside the Roman Empire B. Persia, during the Sassanid Empire C. Egypt, a former Roman province D. Syria, near ancient Jerusalem

Answer 239

A. Arabia, outside the Roman Empire

Question 240

What claim did Muhammad make about his role in religious tradition? A. He was one of many equal prophets B. He was a disciple of Jesus C. He was a teacher, not a prophet D. He was the final prophet of the God of the Old Testament

Answer 240

D. He was the final prophet of the God of the Old Testament

Question 241

What is the first of the five pillars of Islam? A. Pilgrimage to Mecca B. Fasting during Ramadan C. Daily prayer facing Mecca D. Belief in one God and Muhammad as his prophet

Answer 241

D. Belief in one God and Muhammad as his prophet

Question 242

Which of the following is NOT one of the five pillars of Islam mentioned in the text? A. Worship of saints B. Fasting during Ramadan C. Charity to the unfortunate D. Pilgrimage to Mecca

Answer 242

A. Worship of saints

Question 243

Which idea is shared by both Islam and Christianity, according to the text? A. Reincarnation of the soul B. Rejection of sacred texts C. Eternal paradise for the just D. Worship of multiple deities

Answer 243

C. Eternal paradise for the just

Question 244

How did Muslims view the Bible, according to Islamic belief as described in the text? A. As outdated and irrelevant B. As equally valid as the Quran C. As sacred but flawed D. As a text created by Muhammad

Answer 244

C. As sacred but flawed

Question 245

hat is a key theological difference between Islam and Christianity according to the text? A. Muslims believe Mohammed was divine, Christians do not. B. Christians believe Jesus was divine, Muslims do not. C. Christians view Mohammed as a prophet, Muslims reject Jesus entirely. D. Muslims and Christians both reject prophets from other religions.

Answer 245

B. Christians believe Jesus was divine, Muslims do not.

Question 246

Why do Muslims reject the Christian view of Jesus as divine? A. They believe Jesus was a false prophet. B. It contradicts their belief in many gods. C. It violates their strict monotheism: “There is no god but God.” D. The Quran states Jesus never existed.

Answer 246

C. It violates their strict monotheism: “There is no god but God.”

Question 247

How is Mohammed viewed within Islamic belief, according to the text? A. As one of many equal prophets B. As a philosopher C. As God himself D. As the final and perfect recipient of God’s word

Answer 247

D. As the final and perfect recipient of God’s word

Question 248

Why did Islam not integrate Christianity as Christianity had with classical culture? A. Muslims lacked familiarity with Christian ideas B. Islam defined itself against Christianity, Judaism, and polytheism C. Christianity was illegal in Arab society D. Christians refused to engage with Muslims

Answer 248

B. Islam defined itself against Christianity, Judaism, and polytheism

Question 249

What political and religious model did early Islam share with post-Constantine Christianity? A. Separation of church and state B. A vision of unified religious and secular authority C. Democracy based on religious values D. A policy of complete religious tolerance

Answer 249

B. A vision of unified religious and secular authority

Question 250

What happened after Mohammed united much of the Arabian Peninsula? A. He allowed full religious freedom to all faiths. B. He withdrew from public life. C. He gave Arab polytheists four months to convert to Islam. D. He traveled to Constantinople to form alliances.

Answer 250

C. He gave Arab polytheists four months to convert to Islam.

Question 251

What does the Quran command regarding idolaters who do not convert? A. Exile them peacefully B. Forgive them unconditionally C. Allow them to worship freely D. Arrest, besiege, and slay them unless they repent

Answer 251

D. Arrest, besiege, and slay them unless they repent

Question 252

How were Jews and Christians treated differently under early Islamic rule? A. They were enslaved B. They were forced to convert to Islam C. They were exiled from Muslim territories D. They were considered “protected people” and taxed but not forced to convert

Answer 252

D. They were considered “protected people” and taxed but not forced to convert

Question 253

What term was used for Jews and Christians under Muslim rule? A. Infidels B. Apostates C. Dhimmis D. Martyrs

Answer 253

C. Dhimmis

Question 254

Why might Christians under Byzantine rule have welcomed Muslim conquest? A. They supported polytheism B. They were offered positions of power C. They were in conflict with religious authorities in Constantinople D. They wanted to convert to Islam

Answer 254

C. They were in conflict with religious authorities in Constantinople

Question 255

Why does monotheism tend to be less tolerant of religious diversity in societies where religion and political authority are inseparable? A. Monotheism encourages secular governance B. Monotheism is inherently peaceful and inclusive C. Monotheism is exclusive and less tolerant of competitors D. Monotheism does not influence societal structures

Answer 255

C. Monotheism is exclusive and less tolerant of competitors

Question 256

What happened to Christians in Islamic territories about a century after Mohammed's death? A. They gained equal status with Muslims B. They were allowed to freely practice their religion C. Their disadvantages increased, leading to conversions and decline of Christian communities D. They formed political alliances with the caliphs

Answer 256

C. Their disadvantages increased, leading to conversions and decline of Christian communities

Question 257

What was the title given to the political leader following Mohammed’s death? A. Imam B. Sultan C. Prophet D. Caliph

Answer 257

D. Caliph

Question 258

How did the caliphs’ authority differ from that of Mohammed? A. They were considered equal to Mohammed B. They were spiritual equals but had no political power C. Their authority was lesser, but they were still seen as “the shadow of God on earth” D. They held only religious power, not political

Answer 258

C. Their authority was lesser, but they were still seen as “the shadow of God on earth”

Question 259

What element of late Roman theocratic monarchy did the caliphs adopt? A. Rule by democracy B. A separation from the people by a curtain C. Christian-style liturgy D. Regular public sermons

Answer 259

B. A separation from the people by a curtain

Question 260

Who eventually took over religious leadership from the caliphs? A. The imams B. The sultans C. The ulema, or religious scholars D. The military generals

Answer 260

C. The ulema, or religious scholars

Question 261

How does Islam's focus on orthopraxy differ from Christianity’s emphasis on orthodoxy? A. Islam emphasizes correct belief while Christianity focuses on actions B. Islam emphasizes correct practice while Christianity emphasizes correct belief C. Both religions emphasize belief equally

Answer 261

B. Islam emphasizes correct practice while Christianity emphasizes correct belief

Question 262

What may have contributed to fewer doctrinal splits in Islam compared to Christianity? A. Stronger political control of religion B. A lack of religious intellectuals C. Absence of a tightly organized, professional clergy D. A ban on theological debates

Answer 262

C. Absence of a tightly organized, professional clergy

Question 263

What major division exists within Islam, according to the text? A. Sunni vs. Orthodox B. Sunni vs. Sufi C. Sunni vs. Shia D. Orthodox vs. Reformist

Answer 263

C. Sunni vs. Shia

Question 264

What was the original cause of the Sunni–Shia split? A. Doctrinal disagreement B. Dispute over the authenticity of the Quran C. Political conflict over the rightful caliph D. Disagreement on the Five Pillars of Islam

Answer 264

C. Political conflict over the rightful caliph

Question 265

What do Shia Muslims believe about the imams? A. They were merely teachers B. They await the return of the twelfth imam C. They no longer exist D. They were only political leaders Correct Answer: B

Answer 265

B. They await the return of the twelfth imam

Question 266

What impact may Islam’s doctrinal tolerance have had, according to the passage? A. It led to rapid secularization of Muslim societies B. It prevented religious strife similar to that seen in the Christian West C. It caused the fragmentation of Islamic civilization D. It weakened Islamic governance structures

Answer 266

B. It prevented religious strife similar to that seen in the Christian West

Question 267

What is one effect of Islam’s comparative doctrinal tolerance, according to the text? A. It prevented religious strife similar to that seen in the Christian West B. It led to the disappearance of religious leadership in Islam C. It encouraged the development of a centralized clergy D. It increased sectarian violence within Muslim societies

Answer 267

A. It prevented religious strife similar to that seen in the Christian West

Question 268

According to the text, what was not a consequence of doctrinal tolerance in Islam? A. The emergence of multiple Christian sects B. Preservation of Islamic society from secular trends C. Avoidance of major religious wars in early Islam D. The kind of violent religious conflict that occurred in the Christian West

Answer 268

D. The kind of violent religious conflict that occurred in the Christian West

Question 269

What does the Islamic tradition of orthopraxy emphasize over orthodoxy? A. Correct practice over correct belief B. Literal interpretation of the Quran C. Complete rejection of Greek philosophy D. Strong economic isolation from the West

Answer 269

A. Correct practice over correct belief

Question 270

Why was Islamic civilization particularly conducive to intellectual activity, according to the text? A. Its rejection of all non-Islamic knowledge B. Its focus solely on religious texts C. Its political unity across regions D. Its economic vibrancy, including trade, cities, and agrarian surplus

Answer 270

D. Its economic vibrancy, including trade, cities, and agrarian surplus

Question 271

What was Ibn Sina (Avicenna) known for attempting in his intellectual work? A. Applying Aristotle’s logic to Islamic teachings B. Advocating literal interpretation of Greek philosophy C. Translating the Quran into Greek D. Promoting Christian theological models in Islam

Answer 271

A. Applying Aristotle’s logic to Islamic teachings

Question 272

How did Averroes (Ibn Rushd) propose resolving contradictions between Greek philosophy and the Quran? A. By rejecting classical philosophy entirely B. By denying the authority of the Quran C. By replacing Quranic teachings with Aristotelian logic D. By interpreting the Quran figuratively for the educated class

Answer 272

D. By interpreting the Quran figuratively for the educated class

Question 273

What was the reaction of the ulema to Averroes’s approach to Quranic interpretation? A. They fully embraced it and institutionalized it B. They banned all philosophical texts from education C. They ignored his work completely D. They largely rejected his figurative interpretation idea

Answer 273

D. They largely rejected his figurative interpretation idea

Question 274

In what way did Islamic civilization resemble Western civilization, according to the passage? A. Both absorbed elements of classical culture B. Both had centralized papal authority C. Both were rooted in polytheistic traditions D. Both shared a literal reading of scripture

Answer 274

A. Both absorbed elements of classical culture

Question 275

What best describes the state of western Europe during the Early Middle Ages (500–1000)? A) Economically prosperous and politically centralized B) A powerful military empire rivaling Byzantium C) Weak, fragmented, and impoverished D) United under the Pope and Charlemagne

Answer 275

C) Weak, fragmented, and impoverished

Question 276

What was one major reason for the limited agricultural economy of western Europe in the Early Middle Ages? A) Frequent volcanic eruptions B) A cooler global climate C) Lack of skilled farmers D) Excessive taxation

Answer 276

B) A cooler global climate

Question 277

What did early medieval kings rely on due to their inability to tax or enforce laws effectively? A) Written Roman law B) A strong military bureaucracy C) Shifting allegiances of vassals D) Control over trade routes

Answer 277

C) Shifting allegiances of vassals

Question 278

What significant event happened on Christmas Day in the year 800? A) The fall of the Western Roman Empire B) The start of the Crusades C) Charlemagne was crowned “emperor of the Roman people” D) The founding of the Byzantine Empire

Answer 278

C) Charlemagne was crowned “emperor of the Roman people”

Question 279

What was the structure of medieval European society? A) Traders, slaves, and artisans B) Monarchs, merchants, and peasants C) Those who fought, those who prayed, those who worked D) Kings, emperors, and philosophers

Answer 279

C) Those who fought, those who prayed, those who worked

Question 280

Why were medieval books so expensive to produce? A) They were printed with gold leaf B) They were written by noblewomen C) They were made from calfskins and copied by hand D) They were shipped from Byzantium

Answer 280

C) They were made from calfskins and copied by hand

Question 281

What language did the Roman Catholic Church continue to use even after it stopped being a living language? A) Greek B) Latin C) German D) Hebrew

Answer 281

B) Latin

Question 282

Which civilizations were wealthier and more powerful than the barbarian kingdoms of western Europe during the Early Middle Ages? A) The Greeks and Romans B) The Aztecs and Mayans C) The Byzantine Empire and Arab Caliphate D) The Chinese and Mongols

Answer 282

C) The Byzantine Empire and Arab Caliphate

Question 283

What legacy did Charlemagne’s reign leave behind, despite the collapse of his empire? A) The beginning of modern democracy B) A widespread rejection of Latin culture C) A shared western European identity based on Latin Christianity D) A shift to Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Answer 283

C) A shared western European identity based on Latin Christianity

Question 284

What does the Cross of Lothair symbolize? A) The growing influence of Islam in Europe B) The connection between ancient Roman emperors and medieval rulers C) The independence of the Germanic tribes D) The fall of religious symbolism in art

Answer 284

B) The connection between ancient Roman emperors and medieval rulers

Question 285

What significant event took place on Christmas Day in the year 800? A) Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope in Rome B) The Merovingian dynasty was overthrown C) Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at Tours D) The Holy Roman Empire officially began

Answer 285

A) Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope in Rome

Question 286

What title did Charlemagne’s seal bear after his coronation? A) Defender of the Faith B) Conqueror of the Franks C) Lord of the West D) Renewal of the Roman Empire

Answer 286

D) Renewal of the Roman Empire

Question 287

What does the term “Holy Roman Empire” represent according to modern historians? A) The eastern half of the Roman Empire B) The ancient Roman Empire prior to its fall C) A separate religious institution governed by the pope D) Charlemagne’s empire and its successors

Answer 287

D) Charlemagne’s empire and its successors

Question 288

Why did the Merovingian kings lose power by the middle of the eighth century? A) Their refusal to support the Church B) Their inability to secure military victories C) The growth of the Byzantine Empire D) Their lack of resources and loyal supporters

Answer 288

D) Their lack of resources and loyal supporters

Question 289

What did the Carolingians offer that the Merovingians could not? A) Military leadership and religious unity B) Charismatic leadership and Eastern alliances C) Legal reform and city development D) Land and treasure to secure loyalty

Answer 289

D) Land and treasure to secure loyalty

Question 290

How did Pepin the Short become king of the Franks? A) He defeated the Merovingians in battle B) He was elected by Frankish nobles C) He was appointed by the bishop of Tours D) He received the pope’s blessing after asking if a powerless king should rule

Answer 290

D) He received the pope’s blessing after asking if a powerless king should rule

Question 291

What title came to be restricted to the bishop of Rome alone? A) Patriarch B) Bishop C) Archbishop D) Pope

Answer 291

D) Pope

Question 292

What New Testament passage was used to justify papal authority? A) “Love one another as I have loved you.” B) “Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s.” C) “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations.” D) “On this rock, I build my church…”

Answer 292

D) “On this rock, I build my church…”

Question 293

Why did the bishops of Rome gain unmatched authority in the West? A) They held military power over rival cities B) Rome was the only western city large enough to host a patriarch C) They were supported directly by the Byzantine e

Answer 293

B) Rome was the only western city large enough to host a patriarch

Question 294

What theory supports the idea that popes inherited their authority from the apostle Peter? A) Nicene Doctrine B) Merovingian Legacy C) Arian Creed D) Petrine Theory

Answer 294

D) Petrine Theory

Question 295

Why did Pepin reach out to the pope before taking power? A) He needed papal approval to expand into Byzantium B) He wanted religious guidance for his reforms C) He sought legitimacy for his political takeover D) He hoped to form an alliance with the Lombards

Answer 295

C) He sought legitimacy for his political takeover

Question 296

What did the pope gain from his alliance with Pepin? A) Control over the Byzantine Empire B) Financial support for building cathedrals C) Protection from the Lombards D) Influence over Frankish military campaigns in Spain

Answer 296

C) Protection from the Lombards

Question 297

What is the term historians use to describe the alliance between the Franks and the papacy? A) Papal Reformation B) Carolingian Compact C) Roman Revival D) Franco-papal alliance

Answer 297

D) Franco-papal alliance

Question 298

What resulted from Pepin’s victory over the Lombards? A) A new Carolingian Empire B) The destruction of papal power C) The formation of the papal states D) The exile of the pope to Gaul

Answer 298

C) The formation of the papal states

Question 299

Why might Charlemagne’s coronation have seemed strange to people in Constantinople? A) They did not recognize Latin as a sacred language B) They believed only the Eastern emperor was the true Roman emperor C) They had already appointed Charlemagne as co-emperor D) They rejected all forms of Roman tradition

Answer 299

B) They believed only the Eastern emperor was the true Roman emperor

Question 300

What cultural goal was central to the Carolingian Renaissance? A) The expansion of Christianity into North Africa B) The revival of classical Roman texts and Latin literacy C) The translation of Greek literature into Frankish D) The reestablishment of Roman imperial borders

Answer 300

B) The revival of classical Roman texts and Latin literacy

Question 301

Why was literacy closely tied to Latin during the Carolingian period? A) Only Latin texts were allowed by the Church B) Latin was the only written language taught in schools C) The term “literate” specifically meant being able to read Latin D) Charlemagne banned all non-Latin books

Answer 301

C) The term “literate” specifically meant being able to read Latin

Question 302

Why was copying classical texts difficult for the Carolingians? A) Latin had fallen completely out of use B) The texts were in Greek and unfamiliar C) The originals were kept in Constantinople D) Texts were rare, error-prone, and often hard to read

Answer 302

D) Texts were rare, error-prone, and often hard to read

Question 303

What role did manuscript errors play in the study of classical literature? A) They helped standardize Latin across the empire B) They improved clarity and preserved original meanings C) They contributed to corruption and variation of texts D) They allowed monks to exercise creative freedom

Answer 303

C) They contributed to corruption and variation of texts

Question 304

How did Carolingian scribes make reading easier? A) By translating Latin into vernacular languages B) By using color-coded ink for different sections C) By dividing words with spaces and adding punctuation D) By limiting books to oral transmission only

Answer 304

C) By dividing words with spaces and adding punctuation

Question 305

What was a major goal of the Carolingian Renaissance regarding classical texts? A) To translate them into Greek B) To collect and compare copies to establish accurate versions C) To preserve them through oral storytelling D) To destroy pagan literature

Answer 305

B) To collect and compare copies to establish accurate versions

Question 306

What script reform helped reduce errors in manuscript copying? A) Merovingian cursive B) Gothic block C) Carolingian minuscule D) Latin uppercase

Answer 306

C) Carolingian minuscule

Question 307

How did Charlemagne’s political influence aid in the success of the cultural revival? A) He personally taught scribes B) His power allowed manuscripts to be collected widely C) He translated classical texts into the vernacular D) He established libraries across the Byzantine Empire

Answer 307

B) His power allowed manuscripts to be collected widely

Question 308

Which types of works were included in the Carolingian restoration efforts? A) Only military documents B) Only Christian writings C) Both pagan and Christian texts D) Only poetry and drama

Answer 308

C) Both pagan and Christian texts

Question 309

What attitude did the Carolingians hold toward the Roman past? A) It was something to be fully rejected B) It should be replaced with Germanic culture C) It was both Christian and classical in essence D) It was inferior to Greek tradition

Answer 309

C) It was both Christian and classical in essence

Question 310

How did Charlemagne promote Christianity in newly conquered areas? A) He offered tax incentives for converts B) He sponsored monasteries and bishoprics C) He allowed freedom of religion D) He translated the Bible into local dialects

Answer 310

B) He sponsored monasteries and bishoprics

Question 311

What policy did Charlemagne enforce on the Saxons regarding religion? A) They could practice freely B) They had to attend religious debates C) They were executed if they refused baptism D) They were relocated to Rome

Answer 311

C) They were executed if they refused baptism

Question 312

How did Charlemagne maintain loyalty among his noble followers? A) By requiring military service B) By holding elections for offices C) By offering land and treasure from conquests D) By granting legal immunity

Answer 312

C) By offering land and treasure from conquests

Question 313

What Roman idea was repurposed in Charlemagne’s Christian empire? A) Separation of church and state B) Universal citizenship through religious identity C) Worship of household gods D) Rule by senate and assembly

Answer 313

B) Universal citizenship through religious identity

Question 314

Why was the alliance with the papacy helpful to Charlemagne’s cultural goals? A) The pope taught Charlemagne Latin B) The papacy granted access to a large library C) The pope led the manuscript copying efforts D) The papacy controlled education in the East

Answer 314

B) The papacy granted access to a large library

Question 315

Which of the following was not one of the pillars of central control identified in the Roman and barbarian worlds? A) Use of divine authority B) Control of trade routes C) Threat of removal from office D) Ruler's personal charisma

Answer 315

B) Control of trade routes

Question 316

Why did Charlemagne lack the first pillar of central control? A) He refused to use force against his subordinates B) He did not claim any divine legitimacy C) His empire no longer had an effective tax-collecting system D) His local officials were elected

Answer 316

C) His empire no longer had an effective tax-collecting system

Question 317

How did Charlemagne compensate for not having a salaried system for his counts? A) He granted them special privileges at court B) He offered them titles with no land C) He attached local lands to their offices D) He required them to collect taxes themselves

Answer 317

C) He attached local lands to their offices

Question 318

What was one long-term consequence of attaching land to a count’s office under Charlemagne? A) Counts became elected by local assemblies B) The office of count was abolished C) The position of count became hereditary D) The land reverted to the emperor after a count’s death

Answer 318

C) The position of count became hereditary

Question 319

Why was it difficult for Charlemagne’s successors to discipline or expel counts? A) Counts were protected by the Church B) The emperor needed the counts to supply soldiers C) The legal system prohibited such actions D) There were no legitimate successors to replace them

Answer 319

B) The emperor needed the counts to supply soldiers

Question 320

Which pillar of central control did Charlemagne successfully rely on? A) A strong tax system B) Divine legitimacy C) Military enforcement D) His personal charisma and leadership

Answer 320

D) His personal charisma and leadership

Question 321

Why was legitimacy a weak pillar in Charlemagne’s time? A) The Church opposed imperial authority B) The empire had no written laws C) People were more loyal to persons than to offices D) Charlemagne rejected religious influence

Answer 321

C) People were more loyal to persons than to offices

Question 322

What was one challenge to Charlemagne’s authority within his empire? A) The growing localism that encouraged counts to act independently B) Rebellions led by the Byzantine Empire C) Conflicts between Roman and Frankish law D) The rise of merchant guilds in cities

Answer 322

A) The growing localism that encouraged counts to act independently

Question 323

What was one way Charlemagne attempted to reduce localism in his empire? A) He replaced the counts with elected officials B) He sent missi dominici to inspect localities and report back to him C) He increased military patrols in rural areas D) He imposed new regional tax systems

Answer 323

B) He sent missi dominici to inspect localities and report back to him

Question 324

Why did Charlemagne choose the Roman liturgy as a model for his empire? A) Because it was the most musically advanced B) Because he was allied with the pope and wanted religious unity C) Because it had been used in Constantinople D) Because it was simpler to translate into vernacular languages

Answer 324

B) Because he was allied with the pope and wanted religious unity

Question 325

What was the purpose of standardizing the copying of texts like the Vulgate Bible? A) To reduce printing costs across the empire B) To ensure faster dissemination of new ideas C) To make sure future copies were made only from corrected versions D) To encourage monks to develop their own versions

Answer 325

C) To make sure future copies were made only from corrected versions

Question 326

Which rule became the standard for monastic life in the West under Charlemagne? A) The Rule of Saint Augustine B) The Rule of Saint Basil C) The Rule of Saint Columbanus D) The Rule of Saint Benedict

Answer 326

D) The Rule of Saint Benedict

Question 327

What role did bishops play in Charlemagne’s church organization? A) They supervised priests within their bishoprics B) They acted as tax collectors for the empire C) They served as military advisors to the emperor D) They elected counts for each parish

Answer 327

A) They supervised priests within their bishoprics

Question 328

What was the tithe in Charlemagne’s empire? A) A tax paid to the emperor based on land value B) A portion of produce paid to the parish priest C) A fee charged for marriage and burial services D) A one-time donation to monasteries

Answer 328

B) A portion of produce paid to the parish priest

Question 329

Why did Charlemagne avoid using only the title "Roman Emperor"? A) Because the title was unpopular in Aquitaine B) Because he feared retaliation from the Byzantines C) Because he may have thought it was not enough to command respect on its own D) Because the title was reserved for the pope

Answer 329

C) Because he may have thought it was not enough to command respect on its own

Question 330

What claim did the forged “Donation of Constantine” support? A) That the Church should not interfere in secular matters B) That Charlemagne was a direct descendant of Constantine C) That all bishops had the right to crown emperors D) That Constantine had given the pope authority over the Western Empire

Answer 330

D) That Constantine had given the pope authority over the Western Empire

Question 331

How did some of Charlemagne’s followers view the pope’s role in his coronation? A) As a sacred ritual required by Roman law B) As a recognition of Charlemagne’s authority, not the source of it C) As a political stunt to appease nobles D) As an invalid act done without Byzantine approval

Answer 331

B) As a recognition of Charlemagne’s authority, not the source of it

Question 332

According to some papal thinkers, why might all legitimate secular power flow from the pope? A) Because the pope controlled military forces in the West B) Because the emperor’s title originated in the East C) Because the Donation of Constantine was widely accepted D) Because the pope was the head of the church, which was instituted by God

Answer 332

D) Because the pope was the head of the church, which was instituted by God

Question 333

What happened to the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death? A. It expanded rapidly under Louis the Pious B. It remained stable and united under his heirs C. It gradually disintegrated due to internal and external pressures D. It was conquered by non-Christian tribes

Answer 333

C. It gradually disintegrated due to internal and external pressures

Question 334

Why was Louis the Pious unable to maintain a united empire? A. He had no legitimate heirs B. He abandoned the title of emperor C. His sons resisted his succession plans and civil wars erupted D. He focused solely on expanding the empire

Answer 334

C. His sons resisted his succession plans and civil wars erupted

Question 335

The Treaty of Verdun (843) resulted in: A. The reunification of the Carolingian Empire under a single ruler B. The division of the empire among Charlemagne’s grandsons C. The crowning of Charlemagne as emperor D. A lasting peace with invading non-Christian tribes

Answer 335

B. The division of the empire among Charlemagne’s grandsons

Question 336

Which of the following was NOT one of the three regions established by the Treaty of Verdun? A. Eastern lands given to Louis the German B. Western lands given to Charles the Bald C. Southern lands given to Otto the Great D. Middle kingdom given to Lothar

Answer 336

C. Southern lands given to Otto the Great

Question 337

Why was the middle kingdom given to Lothar significant in later history? A. It was the richest and most peaceful part of the empire B. It became the basis for modern Italy C. It was a source of conflict between France and Germany for centuries D. It was abandoned after Lothar’s death

Answer 337

C. It was a source of conflict between France and Germany for centuries

Question 338

What external group posed the greatest threat to the Carolingian Empire in the ninth century? A. The Muslims B. The Magyars C. The Byzantines D. The Vikings

Answer 338

D. The Vikings

Question 339

What made Viking raids particularly difficult to defend against? A. They used camels to cross deserts B. They built massive siege engines C. Their fast and flexible boats allowed quick movement along rivers D. They always attacked during winter

Answer 339

C. Their fast and flexible boats allowed quick movement along rivers

Question 340

What was a common response in areas where central authority failed to provide protection from Viking raids? A. Migration to safer lands B. Construction of naval fleets C. Development of strong local powers and fortifications D. Conversion to Norse religion

Answer 340

C. Development of strong local powers and fortifications

Question 341

In which region did local power grow the most after the Viking invasions? A. Northern and central France B. Eastern Germany C. Southern Italy D. Northern Spain

Answer 341

A. Northern and central France

Question 342

Why was Germany less affected by the rise of local powers compared to France? A. It was protected by natural barriers B. It had no Viking incursions at all C. Carolingian practices had been more recently imposed D. It had a stronger alliance with the Pope

Answer 342

C. Carolingian practices had been more recently imposed

Question 343

What was the role of “lords” in areas where central authority was weakest? A. They provided defense and leadership using whatever resources they could muster B. They enforced royal law and collected taxes for the king C. They were elected by local communities to oversee justice D. They served as intermediaries between the Pope and the people

Answer 343

A. They provided defense and leadership using whatever resources they could muster

Question 344

Who could become a lord in this decentralized society? A. Only the king’s designated officials B. Only military commanders appointed by the emperor C. Anyone who could recruit warriors and provide protection D. Only those with noble lineage

Answer 344

C. Anyone who could recruit warriors and provide protection

Question 345

What was a castellan? A. A traveling merchant B. A monk who led a monastery C. A person who maintained a castle and provided local defense D. A judge appointed by the royal court

Answer 345

C. A person who maintained a castle and provided local defense

Question 346

Why did people turn to local lords for protection? A. Central authority was weak and could not offer consistent protection B. Lords were more generous than kings C. Local lords were elected by the people D. Central kingship was abolished entirely

Answer 346

A. Central authority was weak and could not offer consistent protection

Question 347

How were disputes typically resolved in this society? A. Through formal legal proceedings and written laws B. In royal courts with consistent enforcement of laws C. Through negotiation, force, or both D. By appeal to a religious tribunal

Answer 347

C. Through negotiation, force, or both

Question 348

What challenge did lords face when trying to enforce their will over their own warriors? A. Warriors often had superior legal rights B. Lords had to mobilize other warriors, who might side with the accused C. Lords were forbidden to discipline military followers D. Warriors paid taxes directly to the king instead of the lord

Answer 348

B. Lords had to mobilize other warriors, who might side with the accused

Question 349

What does the incident involving the castellan of Melun in 991 demonstrate? A. Loyalty to one’s immediate lord was a legitimate excuse, even against the king B. The king always punished those who opposed him C. Lords had no real power against royal authority D. Military action against the king was considered high treason

Answer 349

A. Loyalty to one’s immediate lord was a legitimate excuse, even against the king

Question 350

How did courts typically function in this period? A. They enforced a strict legal code based on Roman law B. They served mainly as venues for negotiation and public resolution C. They issued binding decisions backed by royal enforcement D. They were run by elected community elders

Answer 350

B. They served mainly as venues for negotiation and public resolution

Question 351

What made it difficult to establish consistent rules in this society? A. Lords preferred to operate in secret B. Royal scribes had not yet developed legal codes C. Rules couldn’t be reliably enforced in a fluid and decentralized system D. The church banned written laws during this time

Answer 351

C. Rules couldn’t be reliably enforced in a fluid and decentralized system

Question 352

How did historians describe this decentralized post-Carolingian society? A. As a well-organized military system B. As lawless and chaotic with no real social structure C. As rule-based and centralized D. As difficult to define due to limited and ambiguous evidence

Answer 352

D. As difficult to define due to limited and ambiguous evidence

Question 353

How were relationships, such as those between lords and their followers, often strengthened in the absence of enforceable rules? A. Through legal contracts sanctioned by the king B. Through appeals to religious courts C. Through affection, friendship, and love D. Through military intimidation

Answer 353

C. Through affection, friendship, and love

Question 354

What does the presence of “love” in political and legal documents from this time suggest about society? A. People often confused romantic and political relationships B. Emotional bonds were sometimes seen as a means of enforcing agreements C. Clergy encouraged marriages between rival lords D. Only family members could enter into agreements

Answer 354

B. Emotional bonds were sometimes seen as a means of enforcing agreements

Question 355

What was the “Peace of God” movement? A. A treaty between France and Spain B. An effort by bishops to grant immunity from attack to clergy and the poor C. A ban on religious warfare D. A papal crusade against raiding lords

Answer 355

B. An effort by bishops to grant immunity from attack to clergy and the poor

Question 356

What was the “Truce of God”? A. A formal agreement between kings to end war permanently B. A peace treaty between rival lords C. A restriction on when warfare could legally take place D. A law that banned weapons in religious spaces

Answer 356

C. A restriction on when warfare could legally take place

Question 357

Why were the Peace and Truce of God movements difficult to enforce? A. Lords refused to recognize the authority of bishops B. Bishops lacked enough military force to impose their will C. Most people did not understand the rules D. The pope revoked support for the movements

Answer 357

B. Bishops lacked enough military force to impose their will

Question 358

In the absence of strong enforcement mechanisms, who could individuals turn to for help in times of conflict? A. The royal army B. Only their immediate family C. Anyone with the will and resources to assist D. Local court judges

Answer 358

C. Anyone with the will and resources to assist

Question 359

What was Berengar’s original expectation when he helped Wifred junior become archbishop? A. That Wifred junior would repay him financially B. That Wifred junior would enforce royal law C. That Wifred junior would become his military and political ally D. That Wifred junior would become king

Answer 359

C. That Wifred junior would become his military and political ally

Question 360

Why did Berengar’s hopes in Wifred junior ultimately fail? A. Wifred was assassinated before he could act B. Wifred sided with Berengar’s enemies C. Wifred made war on Berengar instead of helping him D. Berengar betrayed Wifred first

Answer 360

C. Wifred made war on Berengar instead of helping him

Question 361

What does the episode between Berengar and Wifred junior reveal about medieval society? A. There was a strong legal system that handled betrayal B. Bishops could be trusted more than secular lords C. Promises, gratitude, and kinship were unreliable without force D. Religion was more important than politics

Answer 361

C. Promises, gratitude, and kinship were unreliable without force

Question 362

What was Berengar’s final attempt to resolve his conflict with Wifred junior? A. He took the case to a royal court B. He requested the pope and bishops to intervene C. He launched a surprise attack on Narbonne D. He made peace through marriage alliances

Answer 362

B. He requested the pope and bishops to intervene

Question 363

What term is used to describe the economic and social system in which peasants were bound to estates owned by lords? A. Feudalism B. Serfdom C. Manorialism D. Vassalage

Answer 363

C. Manorialism

Question 364

What were peasants called who were bound to the land and lacked the freedom to leave it? A. Vassals B. Serfs C. Knights D. Freedmen

Answer 364

B. Serfs

Question 365

How did serfs typically resolve disputes? A. By appealing to royal courts B. Through public assemblies C. At manor courts held by their lords D. With the help of the Church

Answer 365

C. At manor courts held by their lords

Question 366

What limited the demands a lord could make on their peasant tenants? A. Royal laws strictly protecting peasants B. The oversight of local bishops C. Customs and traditions that developed on individual manors D. Written agreements between each peasant and the king

Answer 366

C. Customs and traditions that developed on individual manors

Question 367

What does the example of the abbot of Nonantola promising legal protections to his tenants suggest? A. Lords were never violent toward their tenants B. Peasants had no hope of justice C. Some lords acknowledged the importance of legal process D. The Church always defended peasants

Answer 367

C. Some lords acknowledged the importance of legal process

Question 368

In the example of the widow in Lorraine, what action did she take when pressured to surrender her land? A. She fled to another manor B. She appealed to the king for justice C. She surrendered her land to a monastery D. She fought back with help from her kin

Answer 368

C. She surrendered her land to a monastery

Question 369

By around 1050, what had happened to most peasants in Western Europe? A. They had moved to cities B. They had become landowners C. They had become enserfed D. They had gained independence through revolts

Answer 369

C. They had become enserfed

Question 370

Why do surviving documents mention affection less often in the case of peasants than with lords and their followers? A. Peasants were not allowed to write documents B. Lords saw peasants only as economic assets C. Peasants were more likely to live far from their lords D. Manorial relationships were based more on control than on personal loyalty

Answer 370

D. Manorial relationships were based more on control than on personal loyalty

Question 371

Which two historical traditions are the manorial arrangements said to resemble? A. Greek democracy and Roman republicanism B. Roman latifundia and Germanic society C. Byzantine law and Muslim feudalism D. Viking raiding and Frankish kingship

Answer 371

B. Roman latifundia and Germanic society

Question 372

What term has traditionally been used to describe the society of lords, castles, and force after the Carolingian empire's disintegration? A) Manorial society B) Feudal society C) Imperial society D) Republican society

Answer 372

B) Feudal society

Question 373

Why have many modern historians criticized the use of the term "feudalism"? A) It was invented in the 19th century B) It is too vague and used inconsistently C) It glorifies violence D) It focuses too much on kings

Answer 373

B) It is too vague and used inconsistently

Question 374

In the traditional feudal relationship, what did a vassal offer to a lord? A) Agricultural produce B) Military service and advice C) Religious support D) Judicial appointments

Answer 374

B) Military service and advice

Question 375

What did lords give to vassals in exchange for their loyalty and service? A) Weapons B) Titles of nobility C) Fiefs (estates) D) Tax exemptions

Answer 375

C) Fiefs (estates)

Question 376

What ceremony formalized the relationship between a lord and a vassal? A) Investiture B) Coronation C) Homage D) Ordination

Answer 376

C) Homage

Question 377

What was a "relief" in the context of feudal society? A) A payment made to escape military service B) A gift given by a vassal’s heir to a lord C) A donation to the Church D) A tax on serfs

Answer 377

B) A gift given by a vassal’s heir to a lord

Question 378

According to critics, what is one problem with the historical sources concerning vassals? A) They mention vassals too often, creating confusion B) The word "vassal" rarely appears in the documents C) Documents only reference kings and not lords D) They clearly distinguish lords from vassals

Answer 378

B) The word "vassal" rarely appears in the documents

Question 379

In medieval sources, followers of a lord were often referred to as: A) Vassals B) Thanes C) Sui D) Cavaliers

Answer 379

C) Sui

Question 380

Which of the following is NOT a reason historians criticize the traditional idea of "feudalism"? A) Terms were inconsistently defined B) The society was too orderly to be called chaotic C) Most people held land independently D) The king was the unquestioned central authority

Answer 380

D) The king was the unquestioned central authority

Question 381

What analogy is used in the text to describe how medieval society kept order through intimidation and feud? A) Ancient Rome B) Viking raids C) Al Capone’s gang D) Mongol hordes

Answer 381

C) Al Capone’s gang

Question 382

Which three medieval civilizations emerged from the transformation of the ancient Roman Empire? A) Byzantine Empire, Arab Caliphate, Western Christendom B) Holy Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Mongol Khanate C) Arab Caliphate, Holy Roman Empire, Carolingian Empire D) Byzantine Empire, Ottoman Empire, Western Christendom

Answer 382

A) Byzantine Empire, Arab Caliphate, Western Christendom

Question 383

Which civilization is considered the direct continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire? A) Western Christendom B) Arab Caliphate C) Byzantine Empire D) Holy Roman Empire

Answer 383

C) Byzantine Empire

Question 384

What did the Muslim Arabs inherit from the Roman Empire? A) Only its military techniques B) The poorest Roman provinces C) The wealthiest Roman territories and Near Eastern heartlands D) The philosophy and language of Rome

Answer 384

C) The wealthiest Roman territories and Near Eastern heartlands

Question 385

How was western Europe characterized after the fall of Charlemagne’s Empire? A) Wealthy and culturally advanced B) Dominated by powerful kings and emperors C) Remote, backward, and impoverished D) Economically tied to the Byzantine Empire

Answer 385

C) Remote, backward, and impoverished

Question 386

What institution preserved classical knowledge and ideals in western Europe during the early medieval period? A) The feudal lords B) The Byzantine emperors C) The Christian Church D) The merchant guilds

Answer 386

C) The Christian Church

Question 387

During which period did western Europeans begin to grow and catch up to the Byzantine and Muslim worlds? A) Early Middle Ages (c. 500–1000) B) Late Middle Ages (c. 1300–1500) C) High Middle Ages (c. 1000–c. 1500) D) Renaissance (c. 1500–c. 1700)

Answer 387

C) High Middle Ages (c. 1000–c. 1500)

Question 388

In the depiction from the Bayeux Tapestry, what type of warriors are shown invading England in 1066? A) Byzantine cataphracts B) Viking raiders C) Norman-French knights D) Muslim cavalry

Answer 388

C) Norman-French knights

Question 389

What equipment did Norman-French knights typically possess? A) Bronze armor and short swords B) Light armor and bows C) Heavy war horses, iron chain mail, helmets, lances, swords, and shields D) Firearms and cannons

Answer 389

C) Heavy war horses, iron chain mail, helmets, lances, swords, and shields

Question 390

To whom were the Norman-French knights sworn? A) The Pope B) A local merchant guild C) A more powerful lord D) The King of England directly

Answer 390

C) A more powerful lord

Question 391

Despite narrowing the focus to western Europe, what does the course remind students to remember? A) That eastern and southern Europe were irrelevant B) That the Byzantine and Muslim legacies were still present in Europe C) That only western innovations mattered D) That Charlemagne's empire lasted until 1500

Answer 391

B) That the Byzantine and Muslim legacies were still present in Europe