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+PSY 120 > 8 - Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

8 - Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Leonard

A

creepy robot that learned how to respond to emotions but doesn’t actually have them himself.

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2
Q

two dimensions of emotion

A

arousal (high and low) and valence (positive and negative)

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3
Q

emotion

A

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

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4
Q

James-Lange theory

A

(of emotion) A stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

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5
Q

What did William James and Carl Lange suggest about emotion?

A

the events that produce an emotion might actually happen in the opposite order. ex: see the bear, hearts starts pounding then experience fear, which is nothing more than your experience of your body’s response

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6
Q

Who was Walter Cannon and Philip Bard?

A

Cannon was James’s former student, Bard was Cannon’s student

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7
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experiences in the brain

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8
Q

In what ways did Cannon claim his theory was better than James-Lange?

A
  1. Emotions happen quickly while the body often reacts slowly (ex: blushing)
  2. People often have difficulty accurately detecting bodily responses (ex: heart rates)
  3. Nonemotional stimuli can cause the same bodily response as emotional stimuli (ex: raise in room temperature)
  4. Not enough unique patterns of bodily activity to account for all the unique emotional experiences people have
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9
Q

Schacter and Singer’s two factor theory

A

emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal (ex: see bear in kitchen, heart starts to pound, brain scans environment, notices bear, makes logical inference, and interprets your arousal as fear)

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10
Q

Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy’s discovery

A

when monkey’s amygdala was accidentally damaged during surgery, the monkey seemed absolutely fearless and unflappable, and was unable to distinguish between good and bad food, or good and bad mates

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11
Q

When people with amygdala damage see a threat vs when they experience a threat

A

see = no fear, experience = feel fear (ex: finding they can’t breathe)

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12
Q

Emotion recognition and the amygdala

A

patient with amygdala damage could recognize happiness, sadness, and surprise, but not anger, disgust, and fear

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13
Q

appraisal

A

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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14
Q

Fast pathway

A

from thalamus directly to amygdala

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15
Q

Slow pathway

A

thalamus to cortex to amygdala

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16
Q

What is the implication of the fast and slow pathway?

A

because the amygdala receives information from the thalamus before it receives information from the cortex, people can be afraid of something before they know what it is

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17
Q

the amygdala is to the cortex like….

A

…a gas pedal is to the brakes

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18
Q

Adults with cortical damage and children (whose cortices are not fully developed) have difficulty in what?

A

inhibiting their emotions

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19
Q

when asked to experience emotions like sadness, fear, and anger, there is increased/decreased activity where?

A

increased activity in the amygdala and decreased activity in the cortex

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20
Q

when asked to inhibit emotions like sadness, fear, and anger, there is increased/decreased activity where?

A

decreased activity in the amygdala and increased activity in the cortex

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21
Q

emotion regulation

A

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

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22
Q

reappraisal

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

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23
Q

examples of reappraisal

A

watching circumcision video described as joyous religious ritual will result in slower heart rates and less distress reported
picture of woman crying at funeral changed to imagining woman at wedding, amygdala is active at first, then cortex becomes active and the amygdala is deactivated

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24
Q

Emotional expression

A

an observable sign of emotional state, humans do it pretty naturally

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25
Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen
catalogues the muscle movements of which the human face is capable. Isolated 46 unique movements, which they called action units with a number and name like "cheek puffer" and "dimpler"
26
The creation of the emoticon
Sept 19 1982, Scott Fahlman posted on Internet user's group that :-) should indicate a joke
27
Evolutionary significance of emotional expression
convenient way for animals to let other animals know how it is feeling and therefore how it is prepared to act
28
Universality hypothesis
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone (Darwin)
29
Support for the universality hypothesis
blind people smile when they are happy two day old infants make a face of disgust when they eat bitter things preliterate/isolated cultures recognize and label expressions with the same emotions as "we" do
30
Six emotions that are probably universal, and others that might be
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise; embarrassment, amusement, guilt, shame, pride
31
facial feedback hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify (ex: people are happier when holding a pencil between their teeth than their lips, odors are less pleasant when the nose is wrinkled)
32
Body vs the face when identifying emotion
People think they use the face to identify emotion, but they actually use the body more
33
Botox and emotion
Because Botox impairs the formation of facial expressions, it impairs both the experience of emotions and ability to process emotional information
34
display rule
norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
35
techniques to obeying a display rule
intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing
36
intensification
involves exaggerating the expression of one's emotion, as when a person pretends to be more surprised by a gift than they really are
37
deintensification
involves muting the expression of one's emotion, as when the loser of a contest tries to look less distressed than he really is
38
masking
involves expressing one emotion while feeling another, as when a poker player tires to look distressed rather than delighted when they look at their hand of four aces
39
neutralizing
involves feeling an emotion but displaying no expression, as when a judge tries not to betray their leanings while lawyers are making their arguments
40
micro-expressions
small bursts of disappointment that last 1/5 to 1/25 of a second, happen so quickly they are almost impossible to detect with the naked eye
41
four features that are more readily observable that seem to distinguish between sincere and insincere facial expressions
morphology, symmetry, duration, temporal patterning
42
morphology
certain facial muscles tend to resist conscious control (reliable muscles) like eye crinkles)
43
symmetry
sincere expressions are a bit more symmetrical than insincere
44
duration
sincere expressions tend to last between a half second and 5 seconds, and expression that last for shorter or longer periods are more likely to be insincere
45
temporal patterning
sincere expressions appear and disappear smoothly over a few seconds, but insincere ones have more abrupt onsets and offsets
46
signs of a liar
speaking slower, taking longer to respond to questions, responding in less detail, less fluent, less engaging, more uncertain, more tense, less pleasant, too-perfect performance, not as many superfluous details, less spontaneous corrections, less expressions of self-doubt
47
People as lie detectors
have strong bias towards believing that people are sincere; tend to mistake liars for truth-tellers more often than mistaking truth-tellers for liars
48
motivation
purpose for or psychological cause of an action
49
how do emotions motivate?
1. provide people with information about the world | 2. emotions are objectives toward which people strive
50
Capgras syndrome
belief that one or more of their family members are imposters
51
What causes Capgras syndrome?
Limbic system was damaged, emotional associations are damaged
52
how did William James define instinct?
the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance
53
when did the concept of instinct fall out of fashion and why?
1930s, went against behaviourism
54
homeostasis
the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
55
drive
an internal state caused by physiological need
56
hormic psychology
what William McDougall called the study of motivation
57
Mslow's Hierarchy of Needs
physiological needs, safety and security needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualization
58
orxigenic and anorexigenic signal
tells brain to switch hunger on, other to switch it on
59
ghrelin
hormone produced in stomach and appears to be signal that tells brain to switch hunger on
60
leptin
chemical secreted by fat cells, appears to be a signal that tells the brain to switch hunger off
61
what part of the brain recieves orexigenic signals?
lateral hypothalamus
62
what part of the brain receives anorexigenic signals?
ventromedial hypothalamus
63
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
64
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake
65
bottomless bowl of soup
people who ate from a bowl that secretly refilled ate 73% more soup than the control
66
metabolism
the rate at which energy is used in the body
67
the hormone involved with the initial onset of sexual desire
DHEA, or dihydroepiandosterone
68
human sexual response cycle
the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
69
the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (refractory period)
70
intrinsic motivation
motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
71
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that lead to reward
72
conscious motivations
motivations of which people are aware
73
unconscious motivations
motivations of which people are not aware
74
need for achievement
the motivation to solve worthwhile problems
75
when actions are easy we are aware of our most ___?
general motivations
76
when actions are difficult we are aware of our more ___?
specific motivations
77
approach motivation
motivation to experience a positive outcome
78
avoidance motivation
motivation not to experience a negative outcome
79
which is found to be more powerful, approach or avoidance motivation?
avoidance
80
True or False: the difference in power between approach and avoidance motivation depends on the person
True; people have promotion focus or prevention focus
81
promotion focus
thinking in terms of achieving gains
82
prevention focus
thinking in terms of avoiding losses
83
terror management theory
a theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality
84
mortality salience hypothesis
the prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

+PSY 120 (9 decks)

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