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+PSY 120 > 8 - Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

8 - Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Leonard

A

creepy robot that learned how to respond to emotions but doesn’t actually have them himself.

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2
Q

two dimensions of emotion

A

arousal (high and low) and valence (positive and negative)

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3
Q

emotion

A

a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

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4
Q

James-Lange theory

A

(of emotion) A stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

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5
Q

What did William James and Carl Lange suggest about emotion?

A

the events that produce an emotion might actually happen in the opposite order. ex: see the bear, hearts starts pounding then experience fear, which is nothing more than your experience of your body’s response

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6
Q

Who was Walter Cannon and Philip Bard?

A

Cannon was James’s former student, Bard was Cannon’s student

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7
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experiences in the brain

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8
Q

In what ways did Cannon claim his theory was better than James-Lange?

A
  1. Emotions happen quickly while the body often reacts slowly (ex: blushing)
  2. People often have difficulty accurately detecting bodily responses (ex: heart rates)
  3. Nonemotional stimuli can cause the same bodily response as emotional stimuli (ex: raise in room temperature)
  4. Not enough unique patterns of bodily activity to account for all the unique emotional experiences people have
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9
Q

Schacter and Singer’s two factor theory

A

emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal (ex: see bear in kitchen, heart starts to pound, brain scans environment, notices bear, makes logical inference, and interprets your arousal as fear)

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10
Q

Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy’s discovery

A

when monkey’s amygdala was accidentally damaged during surgery, the monkey seemed absolutely fearless and unflappable, and was unable to distinguish between good and bad food, or good and bad mates

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11
Q

When people with amygdala damage see a threat vs when they experience a threat

A

see = no fear, experience = feel fear (ex: finding they can’t breathe)

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12
Q

Emotion recognition and the amygdala

A

patient with amygdala damage could recognize happiness, sadness, and surprise, but not anger, disgust, and fear

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13
Q

appraisal

A

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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14
Q

Fast pathway

A

from thalamus directly to amygdala

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15
Q

Slow pathway

A

thalamus to cortex to amygdala

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16
Q

What is the implication of the fast and slow pathway?

A

because the amygdala receives information from the thalamus before it receives information from the cortex, people can be afraid of something before they know what it is

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17
Q

the amygdala is to the cortex like….

A

…a gas pedal is to the brakes

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18
Q

Adults with cortical damage and children (whose cortices are not fully developed) have difficulty in what?

A

inhibiting their emotions

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19
Q

when asked to experience emotions like sadness, fear, and anger, there is increased/decreased activity where?

A

increased activity in the amygdala and decreased activity in the cortex

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20
Q

when asked to inhibit emotions like sadness, fear, and anger, there is increased/decreased activity where?

A

decreased activity in the amygdala and increased activity in the cortex

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21
Q

emotion regulation

A

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

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22
Q

reappraisal

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus

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23
Q

examples of reappraisal

A

watching circumcision video described as joyous religious ritual will result in slower heart rates and less distress reported
picture of woman crying at funeral changed to imagining woman at wedding, amygdala is active at first, then cortex becomes active and the amygdala is deactivated

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24
Q

Emotional expression

A

an observable sign of emotional state, humans do it pretty naturally

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25
Q

Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen

A

catalogues the muscle movements of which the human face is capable. Isolated 46 unique movements, which they called action units with a number and name like “cheek puffer” and “dimpler”

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26
Q

The creation of the emoticon

A

Sept 19 1982, Scott Fahlman posted on Internet user’s group that :-) should indicate a joke

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27
Q

Evolutionary significance of emotional expression

A

convenient way for animals to let other animals know how it is feeling and therefore how it is prepared to act

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28
Q

Universality hypothesis

A

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone (Darwin)

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29
Q

Support for the universality hypothesis

A

blind people smile when they are happy
two day old infants make a face of disgust when they eat bitter things
preliterate/isolated cultures recognize and label expressions with the same emotions as “we” do

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30
Q

Six emotions that are probably universal, and others that might be

A

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise; embarrassment, amusement, guilt, shame, pride

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31
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify (ex: people are happier when holding a pencil between their teeth than their lips, odors are less pleasant when the nose is wrinkled)

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32
Q

Body vs the face when identifying emotion

A

People think they use the face to identify emotion, but they actually use the body more

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33
Q

Botox and emotion

A

Because Botox impairs the formation of facial expressions, it impairs both the experience of emotions and ability to process emotional information

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34
Q

display rule

A

norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

35
Q

techniques to obeying a display rule

A

intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing

36
Q

intensification

A

involves exaggerating the expression of one’s emotion, as when a person pretends to be more surprised by a gift than they really are

37
Q

deintensification

A

involves muting the expression of one’s emotion, as when the loser of a contest tries to look less distressed than he really is

38
Q

masking

A

involves expressing one emotion while feeling another, as when a poker player tires to look distressed rather than delighted when they look at their hand of four aces

39
Q

neutralizing

A

involves feeling an emotion but displaying no expression, as when a judge tries not to betray their leanings while lawyers are making their arguments

40
Q

micro-expressions

A

small bursts of disappointment that last 1/5 to 1/25 of a second, happen so quickly they are almost impossible to detect with the naked eye

41
Q

four features that are more readily observable that seem to distinguish between sincere and insincere facial expressions

A

morphology, symmetry, duration, temporal patterning

42
Q

morphology

A

certain facial muscles tend to resist conscious control (reliable muscles) like eye crinkles)

43
Q

symmetry

A

sincere expressions are a bit more symmetrical than insincere

44
Q

duration

A

sincere expressions tend to last between a half second and 5 seconds, and expression that last for shorter or longer periods are more likely to be insincere

45
Q

temporal patterning

A

sincere expressions appear and disappear smoothly over a few seconds, but insincere ones have more abrupt onsets and offsets

46
Q

signs of a liar

A

speaking slower, taking longer to respond to questions, responding in less detail, less fluent, less engaging, more uncertain, more tense, less pleasant, too-perfect performance, not as many superfluous details, less spontaneous corrections, less expressions of self-doubt

47
Q

People as lie detectors

A

have strong bias towards believing that people are sincere; tend to mistake liars for truth-tellers more often than mistaking truth-tellers for liars

48
Q

motivation

A

purpose for or psychological cause of an action

49
Q

how do emotions motivate?

A
  1. provide people with information about the world

2. emotions are objectives toward which people strive

50
Q

Capgras syndrome

A

belief that one or more of their family members are imposters

51
Q

What causes Capgras syndrome?

A

Limbic system was damaged, emotional associations are damaged

52
Q

how did William James define instinct?

A

the faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance

53
Q

when did the concept of instinct fall out of fashion and why?

A

1930s, went against behaviourism

54
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

55
Q

drive

A

an internal state caused by physiological need

56
Q

hormic psychology

A

what William McDougall called the study of motivation

57
Q

Mslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

physiological needs, safety and security needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualization

58
Q

orxigenic and anorexigenic signal

A

tells brain to switch hunger on, other to switch it on

59
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone produced in stomach and appears to be signal that tells brain to switch hunger on

60
Q

leptin

A

chemical secreted by fat cells, appears to be a signal that tells the brain to switch hunger off

61
Q

what part of the brain recieves orexigenic signals?

A

lateral hypothalamus

62
Q

what part of the brain receives anorexigenic signals?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

63
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

64
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake

65
Q

bottomless bowl of soup

A

people who ate from a bowl that secretly refilled ate 73% more soup than the control

66
Q

metabolism

A

the rate at which energy is used in the body

67
Q

the hormone involved with the initial onset of sexual desire

A

DHEA, or dihydroepiandosterone

68
Q

human sexual response cycle

A

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

69
Q

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (refractory period)

70
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

71
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward

72
Q

conscious motivations

A

motivations of which people are aware

73
Q

unconscious motivations

A

motivations of which people are not aware

74
Q

need for achievement

A

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems

75
Q

when actions are easy we are aware of our most ___?

A

general motivations

76
Q

when actions are difficult we are aware of our more ___?

A

specific motivations

77
Q

approach motivation

A

motivation to experience a positive outcome

78
Q

avoidance motivation

A

motivation not to experience a negative outcome

79
Q

which is found to be more powerful, approach or avoidance motivation?

A

avoidance

80
Q

True or False: the difference in power between approach and avoidance motivation depends on the person

A

True; people have promotion focus or prevention focus

81
Q

promotion focus

A

thinking in terms of achieving gains

82
Q

prevention focus

A

thinking in terms of avoiding losses

83
Q

terror management theory

A

a theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality

84
Q

mortality salience hypothesis

A

the prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

+PSY 120 (9 decks)

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