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+PSY 120 > 5 - Consciousness > Flashcards

5 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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2
Q

Defining feature of consciousness

A

experience

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3
Q

phenomenology

A

how things seem to the conscious person

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4
Q

problem of other minds

A

the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the conscious of others

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5
Q

two dimensions of mind perception

A

expereince, agency

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6
Q

mind-body problem

A

the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body

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7
Q

what is rene decartes famous for proposing?

A

that the human body is a mahine made of physical matter but the human mind is a separate entity made of a thinking substance (pineal gland; mind is what brain does)

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8
Q

explain steps of experiment: eeg, clock reading, emg

A

brain activity begins, conscious wish to act is expereinced, finger movement occurs; shows that the brain gets started before either thinking or doing, preparing the way for both thought and action (page 181)

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9
Q

Four basic properties of consciousness

A

intentionality, unity, selectivity, transcience

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10
Q

property of consciousness: intentionality

A

the quality of being directed towards an object

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11
Q

property of consciousness: unity

A

resistance to division, or the ability to integrate information from all the body’s senses into one coherent whole

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12
Q

property of consciousness: selectivity

A

the capacity to include some objects but not others

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13
Q

dichotic listening

A

(study in which) people wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear. participants were to repeat aloud the words they herd in one ear while a different message was presented to the other. When they focused on one message, they didn’t realise that the message they were not focues on changed from english to german. they did notice when voice changed from man to woman’s voice

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14
Q

cocktail-party phenomenon

A

people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

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15
Q

people’s names + consciousness

A

people are more likely to tune in when their own name is spoken, or wake up when their name is called.

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16
Q

property of consciousness: transience

A

the tendency to change. (necker cube)

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17
Q

what does the necker cube demonstrate

A

the stream of consciousness flows even when the target is a constant object

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18
Q

minimal consciousness

A

low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour (being poked in sleep and rolling over)

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19
Q

full consciousness

A

you know and are able to report your mental state

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20
Q

self-consciousness

A

distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

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21
Q

Gallup experiment

A

testing self-consciousness of animals, put dye on chimpanzee’s eyebrow, the chimp reached towards itself, and not the mirror, meaning it interpreted the mirror image as a representation of itself, and not of another chimp

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22
Q

when does a baby gain self recognition?

A

18 months

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23
Q

T or F?

We spend nearly one third of our daily activities mind wandering

A

False: nearly one half (46.9%)

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24
Q

T or F?

We stay in the same emotional state when mind wandering

A

False: people are significantly less happy when mind wandering compared to when they are thinking about what they are currently doing

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25
Q

describe the test on mind wandering and creative problem solving

A

participants were asked to generate as many uses as they could everyday objects before and after engaging in a task (demanding or undemanding). Undemanding task facilitated higher levels of mind wandering, lead to improvements on their performance on the previously worked on tests, but not the new tests, showing that allowing our minds to wander while remaining active can enhance our ability to think creatively and solve difficult problems

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26
Q

ways to learn what is on people’s minds

A

think aloud, experience sampling technique

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27
Q

experience-sampling technique

A

people are asked to report their conscious expereinces at particular times. people euipped with beepers are asked to record their current thoughts when asked at random times throughout the day. shows that consciousness is dominated by the immediate environment

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28
Q

current concerns

A

what a person is thinking about repeatedly

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29
Q

default network

A

parts of the brain that show widespread pattern of activation when people are not budy

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30
Q

mental control

A

the attempt to change conscious states of mind

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31
Q

thought suppression

A

the conscious avoidance of a thought

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32
Q

rebound effect of thought supression

A

the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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33
Q

ironic processes of mental control

A

ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them

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34
Q

champion of the unconscious mind

A

freud

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35
Q

dynamic unconscious

A

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces

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36
Q

according to freud’s theory, how is unconscious held in check?

A

repression

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37
Q

repression

A

a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts ad memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

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38
Q

what would happen with repression?

A

people might think, do, or say every unconscious impulse or animal urge, no matter how selfish or immoral

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39
Q

freudian slips

A

evidence of unconscious mind in speech errors and lapses of consciousness, like forgetting the name of someone ou dislike

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40
Q

cognitive unconscious

A

all the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour even thought they are not experienced by the person

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41
Q

subliminal perception

A

thought or behaviour is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving ex: flashing eat popcorn and drink coke supposedly increased concession sales

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42
Q

elderly walk slower experiment

A

people were exposed to set of words commonly associated with old people (grey, wrinkled, Florida) and even though they didn’t report being aware of this trend, they walked slower when they left the experiment

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43
Q

roommate experiment

A

participants were told to chose a roommate, one of which was objectively better than everyone else. 1 group was told to make a conscious decision in 4 minutes, another group was told to make an immediate decision, and another group was told to make an unconscious decision, given 4 minutes like the first group but had to do an annagram during this time. the last group chose the best roommate more than any other group. the immediate decision performed the worst.

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44
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

a form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind. can be accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in sense of time, feeling loss of control, changes in emotional expression, alterations in body image and sense of self, perceptual distortions, changes in meaning or significance

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45
Q

sleep and dreams = what perspectives on conscious

A

mind wihtout consciousness, consciousness in an altered state

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46
Q

hypnogogic state

A

presleep consciousness

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47
Q

hypnic jerk

A

a sudden quiver or sensation of dropping, as though missing a step on a staircase; no one is sure of the cause

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48
Q

hypnopompic state

A

postsleep consciousness

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49
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a naturally occurring 24 hour cycle, from latin circa (about) and dies (day)

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50
Q

25.1 hours

A

when people are in underground buildings without clocks who are allowed to sleep when they want tend to have rest-activity cycle of about 25.1 hours. it seems to underlie the tendency many people have to want to stay up a little later wach night and wake up a little later each day. we’re 25.1 hour people living in a 24 hour world

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51
Q

beta and alpha waves and theta waves

A

high frequency activity during alertness and lower frequency activity during relaxation, theta waves are even lower than alpha waves

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52
Q

sleep spindles and k complexes

A

short cursts of activity in stage 2

53
Q

delta waves

A

during the deepest stages of sleep (3 and 4) with very slow waves

54
Q

REM sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and high level of brain activity. pulse quickens, blood pressure rises, telltale signs of sexual arousal. sleeper is very still except for eye movements

55
Q

sawtooth waves

A

during REM sleep, similar to beta waves, suggesting that the mind is as active during REM as during waking

56
Q

EOG

A

electrooculograph; an instrument that measures eye movements

57
Q

do dreams happen in real time?

A

yes (woken up 5 or 15 minutes after onset of REM sleep, asked to estimate time based on how long dream was, 92/111 guessed correctly)

58
Q

over a lifetime, what is the ratio of hours spent awake to spent sleeping?

A

2:1

59
Q

craming for exams: effective?

A

no; sleep seems to be essential for consolidating memories

60
Q

when rats are forced to stay awake for really long periods of time

A

trouble regulating body temperature and lose weight even though they eat a lot more than normal

61
Q

“nature’s soft nurse”

A

shakespeare’s take on sleep

62
Q

sleep and evolution

A

sleeping may be costly in the course of evolution because sleeping animals are such easy prey, so the habbit of sleep wouldn’t have developed so widely across species unless it had significant benefits that made up for this vulnerability

63
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep, probably one of the most common sleep disorders. causes include self-induced insomnia (working night shifts), secondary insomnia(depression, anxiety), primary insomnia (no obvious causal factors

64
Q

the realtionship between time before falling asleep and amount worrying about falling asleep

A

the desire to sleep initiates an ironic process of mental conrol – a heightened sensitivity to signs of sleeplessness – and this sensitivty interferes with sleep. participants in experiment who were instructed to go to sleep quickly took longer to than those who were told to take their time

65
Q

problems with sleeping pills

A

long term use is not effective, addictive, people become dependent on the pills to sleep, may need to increase the dose over time to achieve the same effect, sedatives can interfere with the normal sleep cycle, reduces time spent in REM and slow wave sleep, stopping using them can produce worse insomnia than before the pills were taken

66
Q

sleep apnea

A

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep. involuntary obstruction of the breathing passage, can occur several times over night for ten seconds at a time, can cause many awakenings and sleep loss or insomnia.

67
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking, occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep. tends to happen early in night, during slow wave sleep, eyes usually open in glassy stare, not usually linked to additional problems. not a problem unless they start engaging in strange or unwise behaviour. aren’t very coordinated and can trip over things or fall.

68
Q

narcolepsy

A

a disorder in whcih sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities. REM intrudes in waking, accompanied by unrelenting excessive sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks lasting from 30 seconds to 30 minutes. has genetic basis, can be treated with meds.

69
Q

sleep paralysis

A

the experience of waking up unable to move, sometimes associates with narcolepsy. usually happens as you are awakening from REM sleep but before you regain motor control. lasts only few seconds or minutes, may accompanied by jupnopmpic or hypnagogic hallucinations in which dream content may appear to occur in the waking world.

70
Q

night terrors

A

aka sleep terrors; abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal. happen most often in non REM sleep early in the sleep cucle, do not usually have dream content that sleeper can report.

71
Q

dream consciousness

A

intensely feel emotion; thought to be illogical, continuities of time, place, and person don’t apply; sensation is fully formed and meaningful, visual sensation is predominant, may also deeply experience sound, touch, and movement, although pain is very uncommon; uncritical acceptance, as thought everything is normal even if it is very bizzare; have difficulty remembering the dream after it is over

72
Q

day residue

A

prioir waking expereinces often dreamt about as mundane topics that reflect them

73
Q

freud’s idea of confusing dreams

A

proposed that dreams are confusing and obscure because the dynamic unconscious creates them precisely to be confusing and obscure. unacceptable, tabbo, or anxiety producing wishes can only be presented in disguised form. ex: tunnel representing sexual intercourse

74
Q

manigest content

A

a dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

75
Q

latent content

A

a dream’s true underlying meaning

76
Q

experiment on supressing thougths

A

some participants were told to supress thoughts about certin person, some were told to think about that person, and others were told to think about anything at all. participants in the first group experienced more dreams about that person, suggesting that freud was right in saying that dreams harbour unwanted thoughts

77
Q

activation synthesis model

A

dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sens of random neural activity that occurs during sleep.

78
Q

difference between freudian theory and activation-synthesis theory

A

in the significance they place on the meaning of dreams. freud: dreams begin with meaning
activation synthesis theory: dreams begin randomly but meaning can be added as the mind lends interpretations in the process of dreaming

79
Q

amygdala during dreaming

A

very active; involved in responding to threatening or stressful events, which makes sense because dreams often showcase dangerous/emotional situations

80
Q

visual perception during dreaming

A

areas of the brain responsible for visual perception are not activated, visual association areas in the occipital lobe that are responsible for visual imagery do show activation, meaning that the brain realizes that it’s to really seeing bizarre images but acts like it’s imagining them

81
Q

prefrontal cortext during dreaming

A

relatively less arousal than during waking consciousness. associated with planning and executing actions, which is why dreams often don’t have sensible story lines – they’re “scripted” by an “author” whose ability to plan is inactive

82
Q

motor cortex + spinal neurons during dreaming

A

motor cortex = activated, spinal neurons running through brain stem inhibit the expression of this motor activation, which is good because otherwise, sleeper would act out every dream. people who are moving in sleep are probably not dreaming

83
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain’s chemical message system

84
Q

benzodiazepine

A

Valium; induces sleep but prevents dreaming and so creates a state similar to slow-wave sleep

85
Q

Rats + cocaine experiment

A

rats given free access to cocaine increased their use over the 30 day study. they binged themselves to the point of convulsions, stopped grooming themselves and eating until they lost about aone third of their body weight. 90% of the rats died at the end of the study.

86
Q

drug tolerance

A

the tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to acheive the same effect

87
Q

physical dependence

A

pain, convulsions, hallucinations, other unpleasant symptoms when drug use is discontinued ex: caffine headache

88
Q

psychological dependence

A

strong desire to return to the drug even when physical withdrawwal sympotms are gone ex: ex-smokers wanting an after-dinner smoke years after quitting

89
Q

soldiers in vietnam and heroin

A

only 12% remained addicted once they returned home. the return to attractions and obligations of normal life, as well as the absense of the familiar places and faces associated with their drug habbit made it possible for returning soldiers to successfully quit

90
Q

Types of drugs

A

depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens

91
Q

depressants

A

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system. have sedative and calming effect, tend to induce sleep in high doses, can arrest breathing in extremely high doses.

92
Q

alcohol

A

king of the depressants. worldwide history of use, easy availability in most cultures, widespread acceptance as socially approved substance. increased activity of GABA

93
Q

expectancy theory

A

alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

94
Q

balanced placebo design

A

behaviour is observed following the presence of absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of placebo stimulus

95
Q

alcohol myopia

A

alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

96
Q

stimulants

A

substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity leels. ex: caffeine, amphetamines (speed), nicotine, cocaine, modafinil, Ecstasy

97
Q

Ecstasy

A

aka MDMA, X, or E; amphetamine derivative, stimulant with added effects like those of hallucinogens. suggested association with damge to serotonergic neurons and potentially associated problems with mood, attention, memory, and impluse control

98
Q

cocaine

A

derived from leaves of coca plant; coca cola contained cocaine until 1903 and still may use coca leaves with the cocaine removed; freud tried cocaine and wrote effusively about it for a while.

99
Q

nicotine

A

at first, not much of a high, with dizziness or queasy feeling. use is motivated far more by the unpleasantness of quitting than by the pleasantness of using. The positive effects people report from smoking like relacation and improved concentration come chiefly from relief from withdrawal symptoms.

100
Q

narcotics

A

aka opiates; highly addictive drugs derived from opium. often induce danger of diseases such as HIV when users share syringes. Mimics brain’s own internal relaxation and well-being system – the brain produces opiods and endorphins (nt) that are closely related to opiates.

101
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that alter sensations and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations. more of a cultural trend than dangerous attraction.

102
Q

LSD

A

first made by chemist albert hofman in 1938, leading to a rash of experimentation that influenced pop coluture in 1960s.

103
Q

what is the main class of drugs that animals won’t self-administer?

A

hallucinogens. humans also don’t find them addictive. Do not induce significant tolerance or dependence, and overdose deaths are rare.

104
Q

marijuana

A

aka cannabis; plant whose leaves and buds contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); when smoked or eaten, either as is or in concentrated form as hashish, produces an intoxication that is mildly hallucinogenic.

105
Q

anandamide

A

nt naturally produced in brain, involved in the regulation of mood, memory, appetite, and pain percption; responds to THC

106
Q

addiction/tolerance/withdrawal potential to marijuana

A

addiction not strong, tolerance doesn’t seem to develop, physical withdrawal minimal, psychological dependence is possible and some people become chronic users

107
Q

gateway drug

A

a drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs

108
Q

harm reduction approach

A

a response to high risk behaviours that focuses on reducing the farm such behaviours have on people’s lives. originated in netherlands and england with tactics such as eliminating criminal penalties for some drug use or providing intravenous drug users with sterile syringes to help them avoid contracting HIV, etc.

109
Q

hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s subjective experience of the world

110
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget

111
Q

hypnotic analgesia

A

the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are suceptible to hypnosis

112
Q

the stroop test + hypnosis

A

the stroop effect is completely eliminated with hypnosis

113
Q

“i’ve become the legs of a chair!”

A

hallucinogens

114
Q

“dude, where’s my bulldozer?”

A

marijuana

115
Q

the diagnoses of sleep apnea

A

most often occurs in middle age over weight men, may go undiagnosed because it is not easy for the sleeper to notices. bed partners are most likely to be the ones who notices the snowing and noisy gasping for air, or slepeer may seek treatment because of excessive sleepiness during the day.

116
Q

treatment of sleep apnea

A

can be treated with weight loss, drugs, sleep masks that push air into the nasal passage, or surgery

117
Q

is it safe to wake a sleepwalker?

A

yes

118
Q

this may explain instances of “alien abductions”, etc

A

sleep paralysis

119
Q

dependence potential of depressants

A

psychological and physical dependence

120
Q

examples of depressants

A

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, toxic inhalants like glue and gasoline

121
Q

effects of alcohol

A

initial effects: euphoria, reduced anxiety, feeling of positivity. in greater quantities, brings slowed reactions, slurred speech, poor judgement, and other reductions in the effectiveness of thought and action.

122
Q

effects of Ecstasy

A

Known for making users feel emphatic and close to those around them. cases jaw clenching and interfers with regulation of body temperature. potentially associated problems with mood, attention, memory, and impluse control

123
Q

symptoms of cocaine

A

prdouce hilaration and euphoria, seriously addictive; withdrawal takes form of unpleasant crsah, dangerous side effects include psych problems like insomnia, depression, aggresion, paranoia, and physical problems like death from heart attack or hyperthermia. enjoyed popularity as party drug, extraordinary potential to create dependence and potentially lethal side effects

124
Q

effects of narcotics

A

relieve pain; induce feeling of well-being and relacation that is enjoyable but can also induce stupor and lethargy;

125
Q

dependence potential of narcotics

A

addictive properties are powerful, long term use produces both tolerance and dependence.

126
Q

effects of hallucinogens

A

produce profound changes in perception, sensations may seem unusally intense, stationary objects may seem to move or change, patterns or colours may appear, and these perceptions may be accompanied by the exaggerated emotions ranging from blissful transcendence to abject terror.

127
Q

effects of marijuana

A

experience of euphoria, with heightened senses of sight and sound and perception of a rush of ideas. affects short term memory, judgement, impairs motor skills and coordination.

128
Q

some chemicals in dark chocolate also mimic?

A

anandamide, although weakly, perhaps accounting for the well-being some people claim after they eat chocolate

129
Q

why do harm reduction strategies do not always find public support?

A

because they challenge the popular idea that the solution to drug and alcohol problems must always be prohibition.

+PSY 120 (9 decks)

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