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Biology > 8 - DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

8 - DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

section of DNA located at a particular locus on a DNA molecule that contains the coded information for the amino acid sequences of polypeptides and functional RNA

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2
Q

degenerate code

A

most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet

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3
Q

universal code

A

each triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

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4
Q

exons

A

coding sequences in eukaryotic DNA

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5
Q

introns

A

non-coding sequences in eukaryotic DNA

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6
Q

eukaryotic DNA

A

has histone proteins associated with it

long and linear molecules

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7
Q

prokaryotic DNA

A

not associated with proteins

shorter and circular

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8
Q

homologous pair

A

two chromosomes that carry the same genes, but not necessarily the same alleles of the genes

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9
Q

allele

A

a form of a gene

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10
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA, used to transfer sections of DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm because it is small enough to fit through nuclear pores
long stranded polynucleotide arranged in a single helix

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11
Q

codon

A

sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

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12
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes in a cell

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13
Q

proteome

A

full range of proteins produced by the genome

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14
Q

tRNA

A

small, single-stranded polynucleotide consisting of about 80 nucleotides
folded into a clover leaf shape
carries a specific amino acid

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15
Q

transcription

A
  1. DNA helicase acts on a specific region of DNA, causing the DNA strands to separate and expose the nucleotide bases in that region
  2. one of the DNA strands acts as a template strand and pairs with free complementary RNA nucleotides
  3. RNA polymerase moves along the strand and joins the RNA nucleotides together to form a pre-mRNA molecule
  4. the DNA strand rejoins behind the RNA polymerase
  5. when a stop code is reached, RNA polymerase detaches and a section of pre-mRNA is produced
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16
Q

splicing

A

process of removing introns from pre-mRNA to leave only the coding exons
produces mRNA
occurs in eukaryotic cells

17
Q

translation

A
  1. a ribosome becomes attached to the starting codon at one end of the mRNA molecule
  2. the ribosome works along the mRNA bringing together tRNA molecules with complementary anticodons to the mRNA codons
  3. the tRNA molecules each have a specific amino acid attached to them
  4. the amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules are joined by peptide bonds
  5. these form a polypeptide chain

Biology (21 decks)

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