Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 3 - Cell Structure > Flashcards

3 - Cell Structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

cells are of universal occurrence and are the basic units of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

cells with DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prokaryotic

A

no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleus; nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that controls entry and exit of substances, the outer membrane is continuous with ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nucleus; nucleoplasm

A

granular, jelly-like substances that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleus; pores

A

allow passage of large molecules (eg. RNA) in and out of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nucleus; nucleolus

A

manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nucleus; chromosomes

A

protein-bound, linear DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nucleus; function

A

control activities of the cell, retain genetic info, manufacture ribosomal RNA and assemble ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitochondria; function

A

site of AEROBIC respiration, produces energy carrier molecule ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mitochondria; membrane and cristae

A

outer and folded inner membrane which forms cristae (extensions of inner membrane), cristae provide a large surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mitochondria; matrix

A

where reactions occur/aerobic respiration occurs, makes up the majority of the mitochondria, contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes, DNA and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mitochondria; ATP

A

energy carrier molecule, cells with high metabolic activity need more ATP so have more mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chloroplast; function

A

site of photosynthesis, contains DNA and ribosomes so it has the ability to make required proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chloroplast; chloroplast envelope

A

a highly selective double membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chloroplast; thylakoids

A

disc like structures containing chlorophyll, make up stacks called grana, some have extensions to adjacent grana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chloroplast; grana

A

stacks of up to 100 thylakoids, site of light absorption (first stage of photosynthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Chloroplast; stroma

A

fluid filled matrix containing enzymes and starch grains where the synthesis of sugars occurs (second stage of photosynthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

continuous with outer membrane of nucleus, encloses network of tubules and cisternae, transport system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ER; cisternae

A

flattened sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes present on outer surface, provide LSA for synthesis of proteins, provide pathway to transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes on outer surface, synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Golgi; structure

A

similar to SER in structure but more compact, stack of membranes make up cisternae, round hollow structures are vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Golgi; functions

A

add carb. to proteins to form glycoproteins, produce secretory enzymes, secrete carbohydrates, form lysosomes, transport and modify lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Golgi; process

A

modifies proteins by adding non-protein components, ‘labels’ and sorts them, transports them in vesicles which are pinched off the end of the cisternae, vesicles fuse with cell membrane to release contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lysosomes; formation

A

formed when vesicles produced by the Golgi contain enzymes, 50 may be contained in a single lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lysosomes; function

A

hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells, digest worn out organelles for reuse, autolysis - break down cells after death, release enzymes to outside or to phagocytic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ribosomes; function

A

site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ribosomes; structure

A

small cytoplasmic granules, made of 2 sub units; one large and one small, contains ribosomal RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ribosomes; 70S and 80S

A

70S - found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplast
80S - found in eukaryotic cells and larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cell wall; function

A

provides mechanical strength against cell bursting due to osmosis, also provides strength to the plant as a whole. Allows water to pass along it - helps with the movement of water along the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cell wall; structure

A

microfibrils of cellulose embedded in a matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cell wall; middle lamella

A

thin layer between adjacent cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vacuole; structure

A

fluid filled sac bound by a single membrane (tonoplast), contains solutions of mineral salt, sugars, waste, amino acids and sometimes pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vacuole; function

A

support plants and make them turgid, sugars and amino aids act as a temporary food store, pigment colours petals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Expressing genes

A

all cells in an organism contain the same genes, they become specialised by only expressing some of the genes in a particular cell, the combination of expressed genes gives the cells a specialized structure and number of organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tissue

A

group of cells with similar structure and function, that work together to carry out that function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

lines surfaces of organs, protective, secretes chemical substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ciliated epithelial tissue

A

has cilia on the surface, hair-like structures that waft mucus (or ovum in the oviducts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Xylem

A

consists of several tissue types, transports water and mineral ions through plants, provides mechanical support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Organ

A

a combination of tissues that are coordinated to carry out several functions (usually one main function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Stomach tissues

A

muscle to churn contents, epithelial to protect stomach wall and secrete chemicals and connective to hold other tissues together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Organ system

A

groups of organs that work together to carry out a bodily process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Object

A

the matter put under the microscope and studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Image

A

appearance of an object when viewed under a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Increasing magnification

A

this doesn’t increase the resolution of an image, just the size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Magnification

A

how many times bigger the image is when compared to the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Magnification =

A

size of image ÷ size of real object

50
Q

Isolating organelle

A

this is necessary in order to study the structure and function of them

51
Q

Cell fractionation

A

the process where cells are broken up and separated into their organelles

52
Q

Cell fractionation; cold, buffered solution with the same water potential as the tissue

A

cold to reduce enzyme activity that might break down the organelles, same water potential to prevent organelles from bursting shrinking due to osmotic gain/loss, buffered so that the pH doesn’t fluctuate

53
Q

Homogenation

A

cells are broken up by a homogeniser (blender) to separate the organelles from the cell in a resultant fluid known as the homogenate, this is filtered to remove large cells or pieces of debris

54
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

fragments in the filtered homogenate are separated in a centrifuge, the homogenate is spun at very high speeds to create a centrifugal force

55
Q

Supernatant

A

the fluid left at the top after the sediment has fallen to the bottom in the centrifuge

56
Q

Total magnification =

A

magnification of eyepiece × magnification of objective lens

57
Q

Light microscopes and resolving limit

A

wavelength cannot get through as the structures get smaller, if the gap is smaller than200nm the wavelength is too long to pass through, they have a resolving limit of 200nm

58
Q

Transmission EM

A

electron beam passes through/past a thin section of specimen, parts of the specimen absorb electrons so appear dark and parts allow it to pass through so appear light

59
Q

Scanning EM

A

the beam is directed onto the surface of the specimen, where the electrons scatter , the scattering pattern can be used to build up a 3D image

60
Q

Palisade cell; function

A

to carry out photosynthesis

61
Q

Palisade cell; adaptation

A

contains large amounts of chlorophyll, large number of chloroplasts, have a long shape to maximize light absorption

62
Q

RBC; function

A

to carry oxygen from the lungs to respiring tissue

63
Q

RBC; adaptation

A

don’t have a nucleus in order to maximize space for haemoglobin, biconcave shape to increase SA and increase rate of diffusion of oxygen

64
Q

Ciliated cell; function

A

to move the ovum along the oviduct (fallopian tube)

65
Q

Ciliated cell; adaptation

A

tiny hair-like structure (cilia) waft the ovum

66
Q

Nerve cell; function

A

rapid conduction of messages through the body

67
Q

Nerve cell; adaptation

A

long nerve fibres to carry impulses long distances, dendrites extend to other neurons to make connections

68
Q

Root hair cell; function

A

to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

69
Q

Root hair cell; adaptation

A

long narrow protrusion to increase SA and rate of diffusion, lots of mitochondria to release energy for active transport, large vacuole for storage

70
Q

Sperm cell; function

A

to fertilise ovum/egg cells

71
Q

Sperm cell; adaptation

A

tail allows it to swim to the ovum, many mitochondria release energy for this mobility, enzyme in head allows it to digest wall of the ovum to fertilise it

72
Q

Muscle cell; function

A

to contract and relax to allow the movement of muscles

73
Q

Muscle cell; adaptation

A

elongated and elastic features allow them to contract/relax, many mitochondria to release energy for contraction

74
Q

Prokaryotes; DNA

A

not in a membrane bound nucleus and not associated with proteins

75
Q

Prokaryotes; organelles

A

no membrane bound organelles

76
Q

Bacteria; size

A

range from 0.1 to 10 micrometres in length

77
Q

Bacteria; cell wall

A

all have a cell wall consisting of murein (a polymer of polysaccharides and peptides), physical barrier that excludes certain substances and protects against mechanical damage and osmotic lysis

78
Q

Bacteria; capsule

A

many have a capsule of mucilaginous slime, protects against other cells and helps groups of bacteria to stick together for further protection

79
Q

Bacteria; pili

A

hair-like structures that allow them to attach to other bacterial cells

80
Q

Bacteria; other structures

A

they have a cell surface membrane, cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, glycogen granules and oil droplets, genetic material in a circular strand of DNA and plasmids

81
Q

Bacteria; use of glycogen granules and oil droplets

A

food reserves

82
Q

Plasmids; vectors

A

commonly used as vectors - carriers of genetic information in genetic engineering

83
Q

Plasmids; structure

A

small circular strands of DNA

84
Q

Plasmids; function

A

possess genes that may aid the survival of bacteria in adverse conditions eg. produce enzymes that break down antibiotics, can reproduce themselves independently

85
Q

Bacteria; flagella

A

whip-like protrusion used for movement, may have more than one

86
Q

Viruses

A

acellular, non-living particles

87
Q

Viruses; size

A

20-300nm

88
Q

Viruses; genetic material

A

contain nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA in capsid (protein coat), can only multiply in host cells

89
Q

Viruses; lipid envelope

A

has attachment proteins which are vital in allowing the virus to identify and attach to a host cell

90
Q

Bacteriophage

A

a virus that uses a bacterial cell as a host, nuclear material is injected into bacterial cell which is trapped by tail fibres

91
Q

Prokaryotes; mitochondria

A

do not have mitochondria and have a mesosome instead as site of respiration

92
Q

Prokaryotes; mesosome

A

folded section of inner membrane that provides a large surface area for respiration, prokaryotes are able to produce ATP

93
Q

Reasons cells divide

A

for growth, repair and replacement, and reproduction

94
Q

Mitosis

A

produces 2 genetically identical cells, occurs in all somatic (body) cells, parent cell divides once

95
Q

Interphase

A

prior to mitosis the cell is actively synthesising proteins, chromosomes are invisible and DNA replicates

96
Q

Prophase

A

chromosomes become visible, centrioles develop spindle fibres (animal cells), nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope disintegrates

97
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the equator and spindles attach to the centromeres

98
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres divide in two, spindles pull individual chromatids apart and towards poles whilst mitochondria gather round the spindle to provide energy

99
Q

Telophase

A

chromosomes become longer and thinner forming chromatin, nucleolus and nuclear envelope reform and cytoplasm divides by cytokinesis

100
Q

Cell division in prokaryotes

A

occurs by binary fission

101
Q

Process of binary fission

A

Circular DNA molecule replicates and both attach to cell membrane, plasmids replicate, cell membrane begins to grow between the DNA and pinches inwards dividing the cytoplasm in two, a new cell wall forms between the DNA molecules dividing the original cell into to two identical daughter cells

102
Q

Replication of viruses

A

cannot undergo cell division, attach to a host cells with the attachment proteins on their surface, inject their nucleic acid into the host cell which instructs the host cells organelles to produce the viral components which are then assembled into viruses

103
Q

Cell cycle; G1

A

cells increase in size, produce RNA, synthesise proteins, everything prepared for DNA synthesis (10 hours)

104
Q

Cell cycle; S

A

DNA replication takes place (9 hours)

105
Q

Cell cycle; G2

A

cell continues to grow and make new proteins, other organelles replicate for mitosis (4 hours)

106
Q

Cell cycle; M

A

mitosis occurs (1 hours)

107
Q

Cell cycle; interphase

A

consists of phases G1, S and G2, occupies most of the cell cycle, sometimes called the resting phase as no division occurs

108
Q

Cell cycle; nuclear division

A

where the nucleus divides either into two (mitosis) or four (meiosis)

109
Q

Cell cycle; cytokinesis

A

process by which the cytoplasm divides to produce 2 or 4 new cells

110
Q

Length of the cell cycle

A

length varies between organisms, typically about 24 hours for a mammal of which 90% is interphase

111
Q

Cancer

A

a group of around 200 diseases caused by a growth disorder in cells

112
Q

Cancer; cause

A

the result of gene damage to the genes that regulate mitosis and the cell cycle, this leads to uncontrollable growth and division of cells, which forms an abnormal group of cells called a tumour

113
Q

Tumours; common locations

A

lungs, prostate gland (male), breasts and ovaries (female), large intestine, stomach, oesophagus, and pancreas

114
Q

Tumours; becoming cancerous

A

tumours become cancerous when they change from benign to malignant

115
Q

Malignant tumours

A

grow rapidly, less compact, more likely to be life threatening

116
Q

Benign tumours

A

grow more slowly, more compact, less likely to be lifer threatening

117
Q

Cancer treatment

A

often involves killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle, hence ceasing cell division and cancer growth

118
Q

Chemotherapy

A

drugs used to treat cancer, usually disrupt the cell cycle by preventing DNA from replicating, inhibiting the metaphase stage of mitosis by interfering with spindle formation

119
Q

Problems with chemotherapy

A

also disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells, although some drugs are more effective against rapidly dividing cells, cancer cells have a particularly fast rate of division so are damaged to a greater extent than normal cells

120
Q

Hair loss in cancer patients

A

hair producing cells are affected by chemotherapy because hair cells rapidly divide

Biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions