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Y1 - Neuroanatomy- Exam 1 > 8. Cerebellum > Flashcards

8. Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

cerebellum: functions

A
  • regulation of upper motor neuron activity
  • coordinating movement
  • matching actual movement w/ intended movement (by detecting and reducing motor error)
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2
Q

motor learning: define

A

the process of improving motor skills through practice, with long-lasting changes in the capability for responding.

key players: cerebellum and basal nuclei play a major role in such coordination.

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3
Q

where in the hierarchy of volitional motor control does the cerebellum fall?

A

affects upper motor neurons of the brainstem centers (basic movements and postural control)

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4
Q

cerebellum: location

A

posteriorly in the brain

inferior to the occipital lobe

dorsal to pons and medulla

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5
Q

what are the 2 components to the cerebellum?

A
  1. cerebellar CORTEX
  2. deep cerebellar nuclei
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6
Q

general organization of the cerebellum: (rule of 3s)

A
  • 3 anatomic subdivisions of cerebellar cortex (sagittal plane)
  • 3 anatomic lobes of cerebellar cortex in horizontal plane
  • 3 functional subdivisions of the cerebellar corted
  • 3 deep cerebellar nuclei
  • 3 main fiber tracts (peduncles) for inputs/outputs
  • 3 major clinical syndromes
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7
Q

3 anatomic divisions of cerebellar cortex in sagittal plane

A
  1. Midline: Vermis and nodulus
  2. Intermediate: Paravermal region of cerebellar hemisphere
  3. Lateral: Lateral region of cerebellar hemisphere & flocculus
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8
Q

which anatomic region of the cerebellum contains the NODULUS?

A

MIDLINE

(part of the vestibulocerebellum)

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9
Q

which anatomic region of the cerebellum contains the VERMIS?

A

Midline

(part of spinocerebellum)

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10
Q

which anatomic region of the cerebellum contains the FLOCCULUS?

A

intermediate

(vestibulocerebellum)

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11
Q

locate the VERMIS, NODULUS, and FLOCCULUS in the view from the 4th ventricle

A

vermis and nodulus: on midline

flocculus laterally

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12
Q

3 anatomic lobes of the cerebellum & locations

A
  1. floccolondular: anterior to posterolateral fissue on inferior surface
  2. anterior lobe: anterior to primary fissue
  3. posterior: between primary fissue and posterolateral fissure
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13
Q

which fissure separates the 2 anatomic lobes:

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

A

primary fissure

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14
Q

which fissure separates the following 2 anatomic lobes?

flocculonodular lobe & posterior lobe

A

posterolateral fissure

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15
Q

3 functional subdivisions of cerebellar cortex

A
  1. CEREBROcerebellum
  2. SPINOcerebellum
  3. VESTIBULOcerebellum
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16
Q

VESTIBULOcerebellum: structures

A

flocculolondular lobe (connects w/ vestibular system)

this includes both the flocculus and the nodulus

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17
Q

SPINOcerebellum: structures

A

vermis and intermediate zone (particularly in anterior lobe), which connects w/ the spinal cord

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18
Q

CEREBROcerebellum

A

lateral part of cerebellar hemispheres; (particularly in the posterior lobe) which connects w/ the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

function of the subdivision:

VESTIBULOcerebellum

A

regulates movements to control posture and balance, gaze, and VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)

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20
Q

function of the subdivision:

SPINOcerebellum

A

regulates gross limb movements & gait

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21
Q

function of the subdivision:

CEREBROcerebellum

A

regulates highly skilled movements, complex spatial and temporal sequences of movement (incl. speech, visually guided coordination of ongoing movement, motor planning)

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22
Q

3 deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)

A
  1. dentate nucleus (laterally)
  2. interposed nuclei between
  3. fastigial nucleus (medially)

(DIF)

23
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei: function

A

these nuclei are main source of outputs from the cerebellum;

receieve information/input from the cerebellar cortex

24
Q

where is the dentate nucleus visible in anatomic sections?

A

located w/in white matter, deep to cerebellar cortex

25
Q

3 main fiber tracts (PEDUNCLES) for inputs/outputs

and their location

A
  1. superior
  2. middle
  3. inferior

Found in lateral boundaries of the FOURTH VENTRICLE

26
Q

fourth ventricle in relation to peduncles, pons, medulla

A

floor of 4th ventricle is diamond shaped depression

  • found on dorsal surface of pons and medulla
  • bordered by superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles (which form the roof of the 4th ventricle)
27
Q

main function of the:

superior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • connects cerebellum to midbrain
  • contains mainly OUTPUT fibers
28
Q

main function of the:

middle cerebellar peduncle

A
  • connects cerebellum to pons
  • contains only input fibers
29
Q

main function of the:

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • connects cerebellum to spinal cord
  • contains BOTH input/output fibers
30
Q

inputs and input routes

(w/ middle cerebellar peduncle)

A

cerebral cortical areas project to pontine nuclei –> pontine nuclei axons cross the midline and ( via the middle cerebellar peduncle) enter the cerebellum

31
Q

input route w/ inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

inferior cerebral peduncle contains *MAINLY axons from the:

  1. contralateral inferior olive, and
  2. ipsilateral spinal cord
  3. ipsilateral vestibular nuclei:
32
Q

cell types in the cerebellar cortex and function

A
  1. granule (only excitatory cells in cerebellar cortex)
  2. purkinje (inhibitory; ONLY output cells of cerebellum)
33
Q

2 types of input to PURKINJE cells

A
  1. (direct input) climbing fibers from inferior olive
  2. (indirect input via granule cell parallel fibers), mossy fibers from pontine nuclei, spinal cord, vestibular nuclei
34
Q

describe direct input to PURKINJE cells

A

(climbing fiber input to purkinje cells)

  1. single climbing fiber enwraps Purkinje cell dendrites
  2. makes multiple excitatory synapses
  3. generates powerful purkinje cell activation –> evoking atypical action potential (complex spike)
35
Q

describe indirect input to purkinje cells

A

(granule cells input to purkinje cells)

  1. granule cell axons ascend and bifurcate into parallel fibers
  2. each parallel fiber synapses only once on a purkinje cell
  3. synchronous firing of many parallel fibers are needed toa ctivate purkinje cell –> generating typical action potential
36
Q

neuronal activity w/in cerebellar cortex:

simple spike activity (describe)

A
  • high at rest
  • incresaes w/ SENSORY INPUT and MOVEMENT
  • signals info about sensory stimuli/movements
  • INHIBITED during acquistion of new movements
37
Q

neuronal activity w/in cerebellar cortex:

complex spike activity (describe)

A
  • low at rest
  • influences responsiveness of Purkinje cell to parallel fiber input
  • appears to signal movement error
  • increases during acquisition of new movements
  • returns to low levels when new movement becomes coordinated
38
Q

inputs of deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)

A
  1. excitatory input from collateral branches of climbing and mossy fibers
  2. inhibitory input from Purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex
39
Q

outputs of deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)

A

DCN are the main source of outputs from the cerebellum to upper motor neurons in brainstem centers (reticular formation, superior colliculus) and in the motor cortex via the thalamus

40
Q

targets of cerebellar output

(controversial)

A
41
Q

match cerebellar cortex w/ deep cerebellar nuclei:

cerebrocerebellum

A

dentate nucleus

(premotor cortex/ motor planning)

42
Q

match cerebellar cortex w/ deep cerebellar nuclei:

SPINOcerebellum

A

interposed and fastigial nuclei

(motor execution; motor cortex/brainstem)

43
Q

match cerebellar cortex w/ deep cerebellar nuclei:

VESTIBULOcerebellum

A

vestibular nuclei

(balance and vestibuloocular regulation/ lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem)

44
Q

all pathways leaving cerebellum project to… where?

A

upper motor neurons

45
Q

which lobe is responsible for the following functions:

  • learning and coordination of complex, skilled movements
    • extensive reciprocal connections w/ cerebral cortex
A

posterior lobe

46
Q

input/output, and path of posterior lobe

A
  • INPUTS: corticopontine input to cerebellum from MIDDLE CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE
  • OUTPUT: projects to dentate nucleus, whose axons exit cerebellum via superior peduncle to motor thalamus –> motor thalamus projects to motor cortex (mainly to premotor cortex for control of motor planning)
47
Q

which lobe has the following functions?

  • coordination of limb movements (particularly of lower extremity)
    • extensive reciprocal connections w/ spinal cord
A

anterior lobe

48
Q

inputs/output pathway of anterior lobe

A
  • INPUTS: from mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors
  • OUTPUTS: projects to fastigial and interposed nuclei –> whose axons exit cerebellum via SUPERIOR and INFERIOR cerebellar peduncles –> project to motor thalamus –> projects to motor cortex (mainly to motor cortex for control of motor execution)
49
Q

CC: posterior lobe syndrome

A
  • ATAXIA - loos of coordination of voluntary movements
  • HYPOTONIA - dec muscle tone
  • DYSMETRIA - inability to control ROM
  • DYSDIADOCHOKINESIA - inability to perform rapid alternating movements
  • TREMOR - intension tremor from disruption of normal agonist/antagonist contractions
  • Disrupted or explosive speech
50
Q

CC: anterior lobe syndrome

A
  • ATAXIA - loss of coordination of voluntary movements, mainly of lower limbs
  • HYPOTONIA - dec. muscle tone
  • GAIT INSTABILITY
51
Q

Which lobe is responsible for the following functions:

  • coordination of axial (paraxial) muscles, movements involved in maintaining upright stance and balance, and eye movements to maintain direction of gaze
  • reciprocal connections w/ vestibular nuclei
A

flocculonodular lobe

52
Q

inputs/outputs of flocculonodular lobe

A
  • INPUTS: direct input from vestibular apparatus
  • OUTPUTS: projects to fastigial and vestibular nuclei –> vestibular axons project to spinal cord and to cranial nerve nuclei controlling extraocular muscles
53
Q

CC: Floculonodular lobe syndrome

A
  • INABILITY TO MAINTAIN BALANCE
  • ATAXIA - loss of coordination of movements in axial muscles (truncal ataxia)
  • GAIT INSTABILITY

Y1 - Neuroanatomy- Exam 1 (9 decks)

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