8 B

Question 0

Violence: the roles of attitudes or beliefs: external influences on attitudes

Answer 0

Authoritarianism-the unquestioning acceptance of attitudes given by authority figures (religious leader, parent, teacher, etc.)
conservatism- unquestioning acceptance of attitudes provided by tradition (cultural beliefs, religious rituals, etc). things that have always been done so you dont question them

Question 1

Violence: the roles of attitudes or beliefs

Answer 1

• a person doesnt have to be evil to perform evil acts
• what is right and wrong is different for everyone
• they can come from yourself
• or they can come from a group that you belong to

Question 2

Soloman Asch

Answer 2

• the need to conform is a powerful motivator
• most of our beliefs derive from other people’s
• he showed a group of participants a test line and told them to compare it to the other lines to see which was equal length
• all but one were actors, they all said a wrong line, about 1/3 of the participants agreed with them even tho it was obviously wrong more than 50% of the time

Question 3

why do people conform even if they have serious doubts?

Answer 3

non-conformity has high risks (social exclusion, humiliation, punishment)
-people will do crazy things when a group that they are the member of wants them to

Question 4

attitudes and tolerance/intolerance: the choice- can people act in ways that you dont believe in? or are you the only right one?

Answer 4

how groups and people resolve this is whether there will be violence, or whether people will accept other’s points of view and such

Question 5

the groupthink process

Answer 5

1. antecedent conditions: insulation of the group, directive leadership, lack of methodical procedures for search and appraisal
2. concurrence-seeking tendancy (consensus)
3. symptoms of groupthink: illusion of invulnerability, direct pressure on dissenters, self-censorship
4. symptoms of defective decision making: incomplete survey of alternatives, incomplete survey of objectives, bias when receiving information

Question 6

Group polarization

Answer 6

if a group is slightly inclined towards an opinion, then they discuss it, after, they will be very inclined towards that opinion

Question 7

how can intolerance breed violence and cruelty: cognitive dissonance

Answer 7

• people are tense and uncomfortable when things arent consistent with their values
• when someone or a group behaves in ways that you dont agree with, there is cognitive dissonance
• to reduce this people may: devalue the person or group (they are now an evil group to you, or they are no longer human, just an object, the consequnce of this is that you may be violent and cruel to something that isnt human) or people may act to bring them in line with your values (convincing them that your way is right)

Question 8

fundamental attribution error

Answer 8

• attribution: the inference that you make about what caused an event
• the fundamentel attribution error: when we overestimate the role of a person’ s personality as the cause of their actions and underestimating the role of the situation (ppl think that it is the persons fault and that they may be lazy or inconsiderate, instead of it being because of traffic or something). and no consideration for them as a person.

Question 9

the role of attribution: self serving bias

Answer 9

• people are kinder at interpreting their own behaviour
• the self-serving bias: when i do something wrong it is cause of the situation, when i do something right it is cause of my personality (it is different if we are looking at the things that other people do)

Question 10

the causes of not helping: diffusion of responsibility

Answer 10

• people are less likely to help someone in need if there are more people there to help
• this can all lead to bystander apathy (not helping crime or accident victims)
• this can also lead to social loafing (not working as hard in a group as you would alone)

Question 11

causes of not helping: just-world hypothesis

Answer 11

-people think that others get what they deserve
-this can lead to blaming the victim
-

Question 12

ethnocentrism

Answer 12

belief that ones culture or ethnic group is better than all the others

• this creats discrimination to other groups
• this is usually caused by nromal moticves and psychological processes, rather than low intelligence, evil, or phychological disturbances

Question 13

social identities

Answer 13

• in a group there is a risk of groupthink
• people are members or many groups at once
• having a social identity as a part of a group influences yourr thoughts and behaviour (traditions and morals and etc)

Question 14

posotive effect of group membership: in group solidarity

Answer 14

• sense of belonging (which we need)

- can give you purpose and help you make sense of the world

Question 15

negative effect to group membership:

Answer 15

us vs. them thinking (eg. ethnocentrism, and groupthink)

• group membership places people in opposition to members of other group
• this can lead to “we are right, good, and better, and they are wrong, bad and inferior”

Question 16

Henri Tajfel

Answer 16

went into a classroom and showed them some slides that had a different number of dots on them

• they had to guess the number of dots
• they were also told that they were either overestimators or underestimators
• when the boys were told what group they were in the other members of that group cheered and the other group booed

Question 17

Sherif: robbers cave

Answer 17

boys were assigned randomly to two groups and pitted them against one another in competitions

• they instantly hated each other
• they began to raid each others cabins
• they started fights with one another
• eventually they had to work together as a whole group and many of the former enemies soon became friends

Question 18

us vs. them thinking and stereotypes

Answer 18

• this is one of the main supports for negative stereotypes of other groups
• there is a natural tendency to assume that members of other groups share common traits

Question 19

errors caused by the use of stereotypes

Answer 19

1. charactaristics of the other group become exaggerated and strengthens a sense of us vs. them
2. get a perception of the other group that is always in favour of the stereotype (you only seek out evidence that supports your stereotype)
3. differences in the other group are underestimated, this further makes a sense of us vs. them, leading to unfair assumptions

Question 20

roots of discrimination

Answer 20

us vs. them thinking can combine negative stereotypes and make you think that they are worse than you.
-the prejudice (strong dislike and hatred of members of another group) comes from negative stereotypes that you hear, so you think that they are inferior, the stereotypes are difficult to change

Question 21

the overlap of discrimination and prejudice

Answer 21

there can be one without the other, or neither, or both

• if there is neither P without D then the person has the belief but doesnt show it
• if there is D without P it is acting against a group because of an outside factor, not because they are against the group

Question 22

the components of prejudice against another group

Answer 22

cognitive component: beliefs and ideas
affective component: the feelings and emotions
behavioural component: predispositions to act ( an action)

Question 23

some normal causes or prejudice

Answer 23

1. prejudice will occur b\c it is a response to insecurity of themselves or their group
2. P can be a component of cultural traditions and can bind a group together (a P belief that a whole group has)
3. P can arise from ecomonic competition b\w groups (can be used to justify economic discrimination)
4. in the extreme P can arise from war and act to maintain and escalate violent action toward the enemy group (cognitive dissonance) then it is hard to reduce conflict

Question 24

explicit vs. implicit prejudice

Answer 24

reported prejudice in NA has been reported to decline sharply, but discrimination remains pervasive in many ways
-so are people lying? or are they just not conscious of the prejudices that they have

Question 25

measuring implicit prejudice: testing for symbolic racism

Answer 25

-when people dont express any hatred, but they ahve views that are effectively discriminatory (eg. women are equal, but they belong with the kids, cause they are better with them)

Question 26

measuring implicit prejudice: measuring behaviour, rather than attitudes

Answer 26

people may deny racial attitudes, but behave in ways that would suggest that they do (they may not be aware of it)
-the behaviours may be suppressed in normal circumstances, but emerge in stressful situations

Question 27

measuring implicit prejudice: unconscious negative associations

Answer 27

• when white people take longer to judge a positive word when with a black face as opposed to a white face and vise versa with negative words
• it is hard to know whether such associations reflect true prejudice or merely the result of prior exposure to the associations with black people and white people (the news, etc.)

Question 28

how to reduce group conflict and P

Answer 28

1. provide group members with equal rights and power-sharing power encourages cooperation
2. social institutions should endorse the equality of groups- a culture of equality helps overcome P
3. promote contact b\w groups- segregation encourages us vs. them, integration opposes it (makes people aware of how diverse people inside of groups are)
4. promote cooperation b\w groups -us vs. them becomes just “us” one group. the human race lol

Question 29

when do people devote their lives to help others or oppose injustice

Answer 29

1. they need to know that help is needed
2. you perceive yourself as responsible for the events
3. the percieved benefits of helping/opposing outweighs percieved costs
4. people have an ally (you arent alone)
5. entrapment (taking the first step is the hardest part)