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GCSE Biology > 8) Animal Exchange & Transport > Flashcards

8) Animal Exchange & Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature
Concentration gradient
Membrane surface area

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2
Q

What is the surface area to volume ratios for most small organisms?

A

High surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

Are multi-celled or single-celled organisms more likely to rely on diffusion?

A

Single-celled organisms

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4
Q

What would the surface area to volume ratio be for a cube with a volume of 8cm^3 and a surface area of 24cm^2?

A

3:1

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5
Q

What is Flick’s law?

A

rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

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6
Q

What are exchange surfaces?

A

Surfaces adapted to maximise the efficiency of a gas and solute exchange across them

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7
Q

What adaptations do exchange surfaces have? (4)

A

Ventilation
Blood supply
Large surface area
Thin membrane

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8
Q

Why does a thin membrane increase rate of diffusion?

A

Reduced diffusion distance

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9
Q

Why does a large surface area increase rate of diffusion?

A

More of a substance can diffuse at the same time

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10
Q

Why does a good blood supply increase rate of diffusion?

A

Blood vessels replenish blood supply to maintain at high concentration gradient

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11
Q

Why does good ventilation increase rate of diffusion?

A

A high concentration gradient is maintained

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12
Q

How are exchange surfaces ventilated?

A

Through breathing

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13
Q

What are examples of exchange surfaces?

A 
Small intestine
Alveoli
Gills
Roots
Leaves
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14
Q

What do leaves exchange?

A

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

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15
Q

What do roots exchange?

A

Water

Minerals

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16
Q

What do gills exchange?

A

Oxygen dissolved in water

Carbon dioxide in bloodstream

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17
Q

What do alveoli exchange?

A

Carbon dioxide

Oxygen

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18
Q

What does the small intestine exchange?

A

Nutrients from digested food

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19
Q

What fluid is blood made up of?

A

Plasma

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20
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of similar cells that act together to perform a similar function

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21
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue

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22
Q

What are red blood cells also called?

A

Erythrocytes

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23
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell?

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

What components are suspended in blood plasma?

A

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

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25
Q

What are platelets responsible for?

A

Blood clotting at wound sites

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26
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small cell fragments without a nucleus

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27
Q

What are red blood cells responsible for?

A

Transporting oxygen from the lungs to all body cells

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28
Q

What are white blood cells responsible for?

A

Defending against infection

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29
Q

How are red blood cells adapated to their function?

A

Haemoglobin
Small size
Bioconcave shape
No nucleus

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30
Q

Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

To have more room for haemoglobin to maximise oxygen carried

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31
Q

Why do red blood cells have a bioconcave shape?

A

To increase their surface area

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32
Q

Why do red blood cells have a small size?

A

To pass through tiny capillaries

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33
Q

What additional sub-cellular structure do white blood cells have compared to red blood cells?

A

A nucleus

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34
Q

What is strange about white blood cells’ shape?

A

It can change

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35
Q

Why can white blood cells change their shape?

A

To squeeze through blood vessel walls into body tissues

To engulf harmful microorganisms

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Capillaries
Arteries
Veins

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37
Q

What carries blood around the body?

A

Blood vessels

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38
Q

What do arteries transport?

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

39
Q

How have arteries adapted to perform their function?

A

Thick muscle walls

Elastic fibres

40
Q

Why do artieres have thick muscular walls?

A

To make them strong and able to cope with the high pressure blood pumped from the heart

41
Q

What is the only artery that doesn’t carry oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

42
Q

What do veins transport?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart

43
Q

What is the only vein that doesn’t carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

44
Q

How are veins different to arteries?

A

Thinner walls due to lower pressure
Wider lumen
Valves

45
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

46
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

Capillaries

47
Q

When do veins form?

A

When capillaries join up after passing through the body

48
Q

What waste product is exchanged in capillaries?

A

Caron dioxide

49
Q

What useful products are exchanged in capillaries?

A

Food

Oxygen

50
Q

Why do capillaries have very thin walls?

A

To allow the rate of diffusion to be quicker

51
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

Capillaries

52
Q

What in the heart acts as a pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium

53
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

54
Q

What are the higher chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

55
Q

How is the left ventricle different to the right ventricle?

A

Thicker walls as blood is forced out at a high pressure

56
Q

What are the stages of a heart beat?

A

1) Blood enters heart via atria
2) Once filled, atria contract and force blood to ventricles
3) When ventricles contract, blood exits the hearts

57
Q

What are the most important blood vessels?

A

Aorta
Vena Cava
Pulmonary artery
Plumonary vein

58
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Supply the heart with deoxygenated blood from the body

59
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Supply the heart with oxygenated blood from the lungs

60
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Supply the body with oxygenated blood from the heart

61
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Supply the lungs with deoxygenated blood from the heart

62
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

63
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped each minute

64
Q

What is the calculation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

65
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out per beat

66
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heart beats per minute

67
Q

What are the 3 key components of the human circulatory system?

A

Blood vessels
Blood
Heart

68
Q

Why is the human circulatory system ‘double’?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice per circuit

69
Q

What is the human passage of oxygen?

A

Mouth/nose –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

70
Q

Where does gaseous exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

71
Q

What surrounds alveoli?

A

A capillary network

72
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs

73
Q

How are alveoli adapted to be efficient at exchanging substances?

A

Large surface area

Surrounded by capillaries

74
Q

What are benefits of capillaries surrounding alveoli?

A

Rich oxygen supply

Small distance for gases to diffuse

75
Q

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the air and blood?

A

Diffusion

76
Q

What 4 reasons do cells and organisms need energy for?

A

Construction
Contraction
Homeostasis
Cellular respiration

77
Q

What cells does respiration happen in?

A

Every living cell

78
Q

What is energy used for in construction?

A

Making larger molecules from smaller molecules

79
Q

What are proteins made from in plants and animals?

A

Amino acids

80
Q

What is joined together to produce starch in plants?

A

Glucose molecules

81
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic

82
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A

Aerobic

Anaerobic

83
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose –> lactic acid

84
Q

When does anaerboic respiration happen?

A

When insufficient oxygen reaches the muscles during intense activity

85
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

86
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy)

87
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

88
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?

A

Glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide

89
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration of yeast cells

90
Q

What is fermentation of yeast cells used for?

A

Bread and alcohol production

91
Q

What happens to glucose during respiration?

A

Aerobic- fully breaks down

Anaerobic- partially breaks down

92
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce more of compared to anaerobic respiration?

A

Energy

ATP

93
Q

What is a unit of energy?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

94
Q

What piece of equipment is used to measure respiration rate?

A

Respirometer

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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