5) Health & Disease Flashcards
What are the 2 types of disease?
Communicable
Non-communicable
What are viruses?
Tiny particles that reproduce
Invade host cells
burst cells
What are bacterium?
Small cells that can produce toxins
Toxins damage cells and tissue
What are fungi?
Single-celled hyphae bodied organisms
Hypahe grow and penetrate tiisues
What can hyphae do?
Produce spores that spread to other plants or animals
Penetrate tissues
What are protists?
Single-celled eukaryotic organisms
Many are parasites
Often need a vector
What causes infections?
When a forein pathogen invades an organism
What ways can diseases spread?
Air Water Vectors Bodily fluids Orally Sex
What are acellular organisms?
Organisms that don’t contain cells
What are examples of viruses?
Ebola
HIV
Measles
What are the types of virus pathway?
Lysogenic
Lytic
What is the lysogenic pathway?
Viruses infect host cells but stay dormant
Cell makes lots of copies by mitosis
What is the lytic pathway?
Virus infects gost cell, replicates then splits the cell open
Releases more virus pathogens into the environment around the host cell
What is it called when viruses split cells open?
Cell lysis
What are examples of bacteria?
Tuberculosis
Cholera
Stomach ulcres
What are examples of fungi?
Chalara ash dieback disease
What are examples of protists?
Malaria
What are the ideal conditions for bacteria to reproduce?
Warm
Moist
Good oxygen supply
How can we prevent the spread of diseases?
Isolation Vector protection Identifying infection Hygiene Vaccination
How do vaccinations give immunity?
1) Dead of inactive form of pathogen injected
2) White blood cells recognise foreign antigens and produce antibodies
3) Some white blood cells remain as memory cells
4) If pathogen invades again memory cells produce antibodies quicker
5) Pathogen is destroyed by immune system
What does a plant nitrate deficiency cause?
Stunted growth
What do plants use nitrate for?
Production and synthesis of proteins
What does a plant magnesium deficieny cause?
Yellow leaves
Chlorosis
Lack of oxygen
What do plants use magnesium for?
Production of chlorophyll
What does sap store?
Sugars
Salts
Amino acids
What are the 3 plant defenses?
Mechanical
Physical
Chemical
What are examples of plant mechanical defenses?
Thorns or hairs
Mimicry
What are examples of plant physical defenses?
Bark
Waxy cuticle
Cell walls
What are examples of plant chemical defenses?
Producing antibacterial chemicals
Producing poisons
What are antigens?
Substances found on the surface of foreign cells
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by a type of white blood cell called lymphcytes
What are signs of plant disease?
Malformed stems or leaves Growths Pests Decay Discolouration Stunted growth Leaf spots
What are the ways of identifying plant disease?
Microscopy Distribution analysis Field identification Laboratory tests Environmental causes
What does distrubtion analysis provide?
How a disease spreads
What are examples of human non-sepcific defenses?
Stomach acid
Mucus
Tears
Skin
What are examples of human chyemical defenses?
Stomach acid
Tears
What are examples of human physical defenses?
Mucus
Skin
Why are tears a chemical defense?
They contain enzymes called lysoenzymes that destroy pathogens
What enzymes do tears contain?
Lysoenzymes
What are the different functions of white blood cells?
Phagocytosis
Antibodies
Antitoxins
What is phagocytosis?
When white blood cells engulf and ingest pathogens
What do white blood cells produce when they recognise foreign antigens?
Antibodies
What are antigens?
Proteins on the surface of cells
What shape do antibodies have to antigens?
A complimentary shape
What does the antibody complimentary shape cause?
Microorgansim clusters which allow other white blood cells to ingest pathogens
What do antitoxins do?
Neutralise toxins released by bacteria
What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?
Clones of cells
What do monoclonal antibodies target?
Specific chemicals or cells
What is the process for producing antibodies?
1) Mouse injected with antigen
2) Immune system produces lympochytes that produce particular antibody
3) Lymphocytes extracted from mouse and fused with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells
4) Myeloma cells grow rapidly and identical cells produced with identical antibody
5) Monoclonal antibodies collected, purified and can be used to target specific cells and chemicals
What are myeloma cells?
Tumour cells
What are lympochytes fused with?
Myeloma cells
What do fused myeloma cells and lymphocytes form?
Hybridoma cells
What are uses of monoclonal antibodiies?
Pregnancy tests
Diagnoising and treating diseases
Identifying chemicals in blood
What are side effects of monoclonal antibodies?
Fevers
Low blood pressure
Vomiting
What hormone do pregnant women produce?
HCG
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?
Monoclonal antibodies bind to HCG antigens and shows women is pregnant
How are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnosing and detecting diseases?
Monoclonal antibodies bind and locate target cells in body
We can attach drugs to monoclonal antibodies which delivers them to tumours
How are monoclonal antibodies used to identify chemicals in the blood?
Dye can be bound which highlights areas in the body with target cell
How do many antibiotics work to stop bacteria?
They destroy the cell wall so bacteria cannot replicate
Why don’t antibiotics destroy viruses?
Viruses stay inside host cells and are not living cells
What is herd immunity?
When a large proportion of the population is immunised
How can microorganisms be grown?
In a nutrient broth
On an agar gel plate
What can cultures of microorganisms be used to invesigate the effects of?
Antibiotics
Disinfectants
What does aseptic mean?
Free from contamination
What are aseptic technique examples?
Boiling
Lids
Flames
Tempertaure
What must be passed through flames for sterilisation?
Inoculation loops
What are incoluation loops?
Tools used to transfer bacteria
How can the future population of bacteria be estimated?
Multiply current population by 2 for every time it takes the bacteria to survive
How are most drugs made these days?
By chemists
Where where most drugs extracted form in the past?
Plants
Microorganisms
What do painkillers do?
Relieve symptoms
Do not kill pathogens
What do antiviral drugs do?
Treat viral infections
What do antiseptics do?
Prevent infection from pathogens rather than cure
Why do scientists always trial new antibiotics?
New strains of resistant bacteria are always developing
What 3 main criteria are drugs tested on?
Toxicity
Dose
Efficacy
What are the 2 stages of drug testing in labs?
Preclinal testing
Clinical testing
What is preclincal testing?
Early-stage testing on cells and tissues grown in the lab and live animals
What is clincal testing?
Testing drugs on healthy volunteers to check they are safe
What are double-blind trials?
Doctor and patients do not know who has the placebo or drug
What term is used to describe whether a drug works or not?
Efficacy
What do risk factors of disease mean?
Factors that increase the probability of developing a disease
What are the risk factor categories of disase?
Lifestyle
Substances
What can smoking during pregnancy cause?
Low baby birth weight
Baby brain damage
How do scientists see how risk factors affect disease?
Risk factor graphs
What 3 lifestyle factors increase cancer risk?
Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure
What are the 2 calculations for obesity and malnutrition?
Waist : hip ratio
Body Mass Index (BMI)
What is the equation for BMI?
weight (kg) / height^2 (m)
What is a healthy BMI range?
18.5 - 30
What is a healthy waist : hip ratio range?
Below 1 for men
Below 0.85 for women
What is coronary heart disease?
When coronary arteries become narrow due a build up of fatty deposists
What are benefits of artificial hearts?
Unlikely to be rejected
Immunosuppressants unnecessary
What are drawbacks of artifical hearts?
Long and expensive hospital stays
Can cause blood clotting which leads to strokes
What are 2 common treatments for coronary heart disease?
Statins
Stents
How are stents used?
Inserted to keep coronary arteries open
Drugs must be taken to prevent blood clotting
What are statins?
Drugs that decrease blood cholesterol levels which decreases the rate of fat build up
When do stents begin to narrow again?
When scar tissue builds up
What are advantages of statins?
Cheap
No surgery
What are disadvantages of statins?
Side effects
Patient has to remmber to take them
What are pros and cons of mechanical devices for treating heart disease?
Used when an organ donor is unavailable
Requires a power supply and may wear out and need replacing
What are advantages of transplants?
Transplated organs will function a normal
What are disadvantages of transplants?
Requires a suitable donor
Immunosuppressants increase risk of other diseases
What is therapeutic cloning?
A stem cell treatments that produces an embryo with the same genes as the parents
