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GCSE Biology > 2) Cells and Control > Flashcards

2) Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Growth
Repair
Asexual reproduction of cells

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2
Q

What is interphase?

A

The initial growth phase: extra ribosomes, mitcohondria and sub-cellular structures produced
Cell’s chromosomes replicated so there are two sets of the cell’s chromosomes

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3
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

The two sets of chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Then the nucelus divides in two

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4
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to create two idential diploid cells

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5
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

(Interphase)

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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6
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense (coil up tightly)

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7
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line-up along the middle of the cell

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8
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The two sets of chromsomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

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9
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The nucelus splits and two nuclei form

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10
Q

What does mitosis ensure?

A

Both daughter cells have the same chromosomes as each other and the parent cell

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11
Q

Why are identical chromosomes important in mitosis?

A

Processes require identical cells (growth and repair of tissues)

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12
Q

What are the types of tumour?

A

Malignant (harmful)

Benign (harmless)

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13
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled division of cells

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14
Q

What do malignant tumours do?

A

Invade neighbouring tissues and spread through the blood

Creating secondary tumours

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15
Q

What do benign tumours do?

A

Stay in a specific part of the body

Often within a membrane

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16
Q

In plants what regions can growth happen in?

A

Zone of cell division
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation

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17
Q

What happens in the zone of cell division?

A

Cells divide by mitosis and new cells are created

Near the tip of a root

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18
Q

What happens in the zone of elongation?

A

New cells grow in size

Further up the root

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19
Q

What happens in the zone of differentiation?

A

New cells differentiate

Even further up the root

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20
Q

What is babies growth shown by?

A

Percentiles charts
age (x-axis)
weight (y-axis)

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21
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process where a cell develops new sub-cellular features to let it perform a specific function

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22
Q

When does cell differentiation usually occur?

A

During an organism’s development

Cells divide to form embroys that differentiate to produce cells that can perform the body’s functions

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23
Q

When can cell differentiation happen in plants?

A

Their whole life plants are able to create new tissues

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24
Q

Why does cell differentiation occur ina dult animals?

A

To replace cells and repair tissues

This is rare

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25
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells

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26
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Plant meristems
Embryos
Bone marrow

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27
Q

What are stem cell uses?

A

Therapeutic cloning

Stem cell treatments

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28
Q

How are stem cells used in stem cell treatments?

A

They may replace damaged cells that cause diabates or paralysis
Also burns, arthritis, Parkinson’s

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29
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

A process that produces an embryo with the same genes are the patient
This prevents rejection of cells

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30
Q

What are disadvantages of stem cells?

A

Viral infections
Ethical beliefs
Rejection

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31
Q

What are ethical beliefs against stem cell?

A

Belief life begins at contrcaeption (embryo is alive)

View use of embryonic stem cells as killing an embryo

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32
Q

What are the components of the human nervous system?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Neurones (nerve cells)
Effectors

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33
Q

What are nerve cells also know as?

A

Neurones

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34
Q

What do neurones carry?

A

Electrical impulses

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35
Q

What are synapses?

A

Gaps between neurones

36
Q

What chemical is released at synpases?

A

Neurotransmitters

37
Q

How do neurotransmitters move across a synpase?

A

They diffuse

38
Q

What do neurotransmitters bind to at the next neurone?

A

Recpetors

39
Q

What does the presence of neurotransmitters cause to be produced?

A

An electrical impulse at the next neurone

40
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry electrical impulses away from the cell body

41
Q

What do dendirtes do?

A

Carry electrical impulses towards the cell body

42
Q

What are axons carried in?

A

A myelin sheath which inslates the neurone so electrical impulses travel quicker

43
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Neurones (nerve cells)
Spinal Cord
Brain

44
Q

What are the components of a reflex arc?

A 
Stimulus
Receptor
Neurones
Effector 
Response
45
Q

What are the 3 types of neurone?

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

46
Q

What does the sensory neurone do?

A

Carries the signal in the form an electrical impulse to the CNS

47
Q

What does the relay neurone do?

A

Relays the electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the appropriate motor neurone

48
Q

Where is the relay neurone found?

A

The CNS

49
Q

What does the motor neurone do?

A

Carries the electrical impulse from the CNS to an effector

50
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A

Millions of interconnecting neurones

51
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata

52
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

A

Unconscious activites (breathing, heart rate)

53
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Muscle coordination (movement, posture, balance, sseech)

54
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for?

A

Conscious thought (memory, language, intelligence)

55
Q

What is CT scanning?

A

Taking an x-ray of the brain and building a 3D image to look for tumours

56
Q

What do PET scans do?

A

Look at how parts of the brain function

57
Q

How do PET scans work?

A

Using radioactive glucose the amount of glucose different parts of the brain are using up can be detected

58
Q

Why is damage to neurones often permanent and irreversible?

A

Neurones cannot be replaced like other cells

59
Q

What do brain tumours show up as on CT scans?

A

White blotches

60
Q

What are the parts of an eye?

A 
Cornea
Sclera
Retina
Pupil
Iris
Ciliary muscles
Suspensory ligaments
Optic nerve
61
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The opaque protective white of the eye

62
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The transparent frontal part of the eye that refracts light

63
Q

What is the retina full of?

A

Receptor cells

Sensitive to brightness and colour

64
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain

65
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The hole in the centre of the iris which light passes through to get to the retina

66
Q

What does the iris control?

A

Pupil diameter and therefore the quantity of light reaching the retina

67
Q

What are suspensory ligaments?

A

A ring of fibres that connect ciliary muscles to the lens

68
Q

What are ciliary muscles?

A

A ring of smooth muscles that can change the shape of the lens which the eye uses to focus light

69
Q

What happens when focusing on a close object?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments loosen
Lens becomes trhicker and rounder

70
Q

What does a thick round lens do to light rays?

A

Significant refract

71
Q

What happens when focusing on a distant object?

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments tighten
Lens becomes flatter and thinner

72
Q

What does a flat thin lens do to light rays?

A

Minor refraction

73
Q

What happens to pupil size when there is too much light?

A

Smaller pupil

74
Q

What happens to pupil size when there is not enough light?

A

Bigger pupil

75
Q

What is the process of changing the lens shape in order to focus on an object?

A

Accomodation

76
Q

When does short-sightedness happen?

A

When rays of light focus in front of the retina

77
Q

When does long-sightedness happen?

A

When rays of light focus behind the retina

78
Q

What eye defect is an inherited condition?

A

Colour blindness

79
Q

What causes colour blindness?

A

Defects in cone cells

80
Q

What do cone cells do?

A

Detect light colour

81
Q

What do rod cells do?

A

Detect light intensity

82
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Light-sensitive cells in the retina
Rod cells
Cone cells

83
Q

What causes cataracts?

A

A build-up of protein on the lens making the pupil cloudy

84
Q

Where can synapses be found?

A

Each junction of a reflex arc

85
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres also know as?

A

Cerebral cortex

86
Q

What do the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments change the shape of?

A

The lens

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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