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Immuno Unit 2 > 8 Anatomy Adaptive Immune Sys > Flashcards

8 Anatomy Adaptive Immune Sys Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells generate and mature in Thymus?

A

T cells

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2
Q

Which cells mature in Bone marrow?

A

All immune cells except T cells

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3
Q

What is the process of T cell purging to avoid autoimmunity called?

A

Central tolerance

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4
Q

What is the sequence of T cell maturation?

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cell
  • Pre-T cell (neg. for all markers)
  • CD4/CD8 DP immature T cell (pos. for all markers, this is when purging takes place)
  • Mature T cell (with either CD 4, SP, TCR or CD 8, SP, TCR)
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5
Q

What is the difference between the two zones of thymus?

A
  • Cortex has lots early T cells

- Medulla has low density mature T cells

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6
Q

Which bones in the body have active hematopoiesis?

A

Long bones, pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull (500 billion/day)

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7
Q

What is the sequence of B cell maturation?

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cell
  • Pro-B cell
  • Pre-B cell w/ cytoplasmic u chains
  • Immature B cell w/ surface IgM (at this stage purging takes place)
  • Mature B cell w/ surface IgM and IgD
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8
Q

Lymphedema occurs in what conditions we know of?

A
  • Cancer lymph node resection patients

- Elephantitis

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9
Q

What is lymph fluid? How do lymph fluid, cells and particles enter lymphatic ducts? Which immune cells return to lymph nodes by following this path?

A
  • Fluid hydrostatically forced out of capillary beds
  • Thru 1-way ducts
  • Dendritic cells and lymphocytes
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10
Q

Asplenic people are susceptible to what?

A

Blood-borne infections

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11
Q

Which Ab’s does MALT secrete? What is MALT’s “main function”?

A
  • IgA

- Generate T and B cell response to antigens that penetrate mucosal barriers

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12
Q

Name the 5 main tissues of MALT?

A
  • Waldeyer’s ring
  • iBALT
  • GALT (Peyer’s)
  • GALT (appendix/colorectal lymphoid)
  • Genitourinary & mammary
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13
Q

B cells migrate to follicles due to what signal and receptor?

A
  • CXCL13 by follicular Dendritic Cells

- CXCR5 on B cells

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14
Q

T cells migrate to T cell zones (in lymphoid organs) due to what signal and receptor?

A
  • CCL19 and CCL21 by reticular cells

- CCR7 on T cells

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15
Q

High Endothelial Venules are for what?

A
  • Blood-borne lymphocytes to enter secondary lymphoid tissues (“Transmigration”)
  • Recall the receptors on lymphocytes are called integrins and selectins. The ligands are on the venule. This is SAME process that happens at inflammation sites.
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16
Q

Which cells can be created from both myeloid AND lymphoid lineages?

A

Dendritic cells

17
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • lymph nodes & ducts
  • spleen (reticulo-endothelial system)
  • MALT, GALT, etc.
  • (Densen also calls liver (reticulo-endothelial system) and lungs secondary lymphoid organs)
18
Q

What is the function of secondary lymphyoid organs?

A

Concentrate antigens and lymphocytes together

19
Q

T/F the area drained by the right lymphatic duct includes the right arm?

A

True. (and right chest and head)

20
Q

T/F Some antigens flow to lymph nodes in free-form state?

A

True (and some on antigen presenting cells)

21
Q

State the areas of lymph node and which cells reside in which area.

A
  • Primary and Secondary Follicles: B cells (mneumonic “Bad Follicles”, because they are bad for invaders)
  • Secondary follicle: same as a primary follicle but w/ a germinal center in it
  • Medullary Cords: Macrophages and Plasma cells (mneumonic “M&P for MC”, it rhymes)
  • Paracortical area: T cells (mneumonic: Paracortical is the only lymph node area w/ a “T” in the word)
22
Q

Asplenic individuals are susceptible to what?

A

Blood-borne infections (filters blood for damaged, old, and foreign cells. Memory helper: Notice these are the same functions as a macrophage has, because macrophages are what line the cords)

23
Q

Red pulp does what? Where do red pulp cords lead?

A
  • Filtering (cords/strands lined w/ macrophages)

- Into venules

24
Q

White pulp does what? What are its zones?

A
  • Immunity

- PALS (Peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheath), T cell zone, B cell zone (follicle), and marginal zone outside the PALS

25
Q

Why do we have MALT? What antibody does it utilize?

A
  • To generate immune response to pathogens that PENETRATE mucosal barriers
  • IgA
26
Q

Where is MALT found?

A
  • Waldeyer’s ring
  • Lower airway (iBALT)
  • GALT (Peyer’s patches in small intestine and colorectal lymphoid nodules and appendix in large intestine)
  • Genitourinary and mammary tissues
27
Q

Why is MALT important for vaccines? What are the 2 examples you should know?

A
  • Because it is a major point of pathogen exposure, so the body is good at inducing immunity to new antigens encountered in these places
  • Flu-mist
  • Sabin vaccine in GI tract (against Polio)
28
Q

T/F lymphocytes can enter lymph nodes via both lymph circulation and blood circulation?

A

True

29
Q

What is the key selectin/receptor responsible for movement of lymphocytes out of the HEV into the lymph node?

A

L selections (CD62L) on lymphocyte, and the PNaD receptor on the HEV

30
Q

What does alpha(L)beta(2) bind?

A

ICAM 1

note that alpha(L)beta(2) = LFA 1

31
Q

What is the function of sphingosine 1 phosphate? Where is the concentration the highest?

A

To create Chemotaxic gradients for lymphocytes?

The highest concentration is found in the lymph fluid and lymphatic ducts because it is secreted by endothelial cells.

32
Q

What are the functions of ICAM 1, VCAM 1, and MadCAM 1?

A

These are all HEV receptors that promote transmigration of lymphocytes and innate immune cells.

33
Q

How can clinicians determine the number and type of T cells in a sample?

A

Flourochrome tagged antibodies with flow cytometry.

Immuno Unit 2 (9 decks)

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