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Making of the Modern World > 8:An American Century: The globalisation of the balance of Power > Flashcards

8:An American Century: The globalisation of the balance of Power Flashcards

1
Q

US population in 1783

A

3 million

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2
Q

US population in 1914

A

98 million

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3
Q

status of the USA in 1830 compared to 1900

A

1830: it was the 6th biggest industrial nation
1900: overtaken Britain as the world’s leading industrial power

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4
Q

size of US forces in 1890

A

-US army was smaller than that of Bulgaria
-US navy was about the size of Italy’s

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5
Q

US naval power by 1913

A

it had emerged as the world’s third strongest navy power

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6
Q

examples of America on the world stage

A

1812-15: Conflict with Britain
1823: Monroe doctrine
-Imperial role in Caribbean & pacific after Spanish defeat in 1898
-US control over areas
1904-14: US construction of the Panama Canal

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7
Q

What areas did the US have control over?

A

Philippines
Hawaii
Guam
Samoa
Cuba
Panama
Dominican Republic

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8
Q

Why was Russia expanding into Asia?

A

1891: construction on trans-sibmerian railway began
they wanted to acquire a warm water port in Manchuria or Korea
Russian plans in the far east didn’t take Japan into account

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9
Q

position of Japan in the 19th century

A

-a closed, insular, xenophobic feudal society

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10
Q

what changed in Japan that it managed to turn itself into a great power within a single generation?

A

1968: Meiji Restoration
-political, economic and military reforms along western lines

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11
Q

What did Japan seek as a result of great power status?

A

Empire- China a target
Victory in the Sino-Japanese war 1894-1895

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12
Q

Anglo-Japanese alliance

A

1902

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13
Q

events of the Russo-Japansese war 1904

A

Feb: Japanese surprise attack on Russian fleet in Port Arthur
May: Japanese victory-battle of Yalu river
Oct: Russian Balkan fleet began a 7 month journey to Japan

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14
Q

Events of Russo-Japanese War: 1905

A

Jan: surrender of besieged Russian garrison at Port Arthur
Feb: Russian defeat at battle of Mukden
27-28 May: Decisive naval victory over Russian fleet at Battle of Tsushima

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15
Q

what consequence did the Battle of Tsushima have on Russia

A

contributed to the Russian Revolution in 1905

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16
Q

How did the Russo-Japanese war end?

A

September 1905
- US president Theodore Roosevelt brokered the treaty ended the war

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17
Q

American troops in the war and what this meant

A

1918: 500’000 US troops on battlefields
an unprecedented projection of American military power

18
Q

Role of Wilson in post Great War politics

A
  • was established as the moral and political leader of the victorious powers in the search for a just peace settlement
19
Q

Why did the US role in Europe/world affairs look uncertain by 1920?

A

-Wilson was unable to impose his vision for a new international order on Britain and France
-the US Senate refused to ratify the TOV

20
Q

how did the American foreign policy change?

A

interventionism to isolationism
end of a democratic presidency, republican ascendancy until FDR

21
Q

How did America dominate outside of politics?

A

they dominated the new mass entertainment industries that emerged in the inter-war years

22
Q

examples of the americanisation of popular culture

A

-Hollywood movies pumped images of American glamour and fashion out to a huge global audience
-popular music: blues, Jazz, swing

23
Q

European reaction to Americanisation of culture

A

some european countries perceived American pop culture as vulgar

24
Q

Events of the break out of war in Europe in 1939-1940

A

1st Sept 1939: Nazi Germany invaded Poland
April 1940: German invasion of Denmark & Norway
10th May: German invasion of Belgium and Holland, same day chamberlain was replaced by Churchill
22nd June: fall of france

25
Q

what was the impact of france falling in 1940:

A
  • it fundamentally changed the 20th century balance of power (David Reynolds)
    -it turned a European war into a global one
26
Q

how did the fall of France transform a European war to a global one?

A

1.Germany turned east to invade USSR-former allies
2.Britain turned to the USA for support
3.Italy and Japan joined the war

27
Q

economic/political affect of WW2 after the war?

A

-Germany’s defeat left europe bankrupt, in ruins and occupied
-Europe moved towards more economic and political integration in postwar decade

28
Q

Questions about pacific war

A

should the pacific war against Japan in the far east be regarded as a seperate conflict?
Was European war unrelated to Japan creating its own regional empire?

29
Q

why was the pacific war still tied to war in Europe?

A

-lack of coordination between the axis-not a proper alliance system
-racism fuelled a war of extermination in the pacific
-Soviet Union, a potential bridge between European and pacific theatres

30
Q

when was Japan definitely brought into the war?

A
  • Japan avoided war with Soviets after defeat in undeclared border conflict in September 1939
    -USSR only declared war on Japan on 8th August 1945
31
Q

how did the balance of power change in terms of manufacturing?

A

US,USSR and UK accounted for 60% of world manufacturing production, axis powers only 17%
US alone accounted for 60% by 1945

32
Q

who made the decisive military contributions to the defeat of Nazi Germany?

A

Soviet Union

33
Q

how many soviet casualties were there at the end of the war?

A

8-10 million military casualties
25 million civilian dead

34
Q

how did the soviet military casualties compare to the west?

A

US: 400’000
UK: 380’000

35
Q

military power that the rising superpowers had at the end of the war

A

-Soviet Red army occupied alot of territory in eastern and central europe
-USA was the sole possessor of the atomic bomb

36
Q

why did 1945 lead to a new balance of power?

A

-WW2 destroyed the artificial eurocentricity of the inter-war years
-it established the USA and Soviet Union as dominant world powers
- this war saw the origins of the Cold War, rather than unfair forced German surrender

37
Q

Europe was divided as a result of the Cold War. How?

A

Soviet Red army occupied Poland, Hungary, Baltic states, Austria, Yugoslavia,Romania, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria
Germany and Austria divided into british, French, US and Soviet zones, as was Berlin.
1945-1948: ‘Sovietization” of Eastern Europe

38
Q

what was a key Cold War issue in Europe?

A

the revival of German power in the context of superpower rivalry and the European balance of power
1949: seperate west and East German states created

39
Q

How did the Cold War change the balance of power?

A

-The Cold War international system was dominated by the 2 superpowers: bipolarity
-Britain determined to retain its status/tried to mobilise imperial resources/sustain itself as a third force in post-war world
-economic weakness forced Britain soon to give this blame up

40
Q

why is a purely bipolar Cold War system a simplification?

A
  • the Bandung bloc and post-colonial world
    -European Integration
    -China

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