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Making of the Modern World > 4:Empire, Industry and Capitalism > Flashcards

4:Empire, Industry and Capitalism Flashcards

1
Q

what was Europes position in the world before 1492?

A
  • it was on the periphery after the fall of the roman empire
    -it was behind economically, militarily,scientifically and artistically
    -powers of the time were asian and Middle Eastern
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2
Q

who were the imperial powers in the world before 1492?

A

Chinese dynasties
Arab caliphs
Indian Mughals
Persian Safavids
Ottoman Turks

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3
Q

The Umayyad dynasty

A

661-750
oversaw a wave of muslim expansion

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4
Q

The Abbasids

A

750-1258
presided over islamic golden age
advances in philosophy, science and mathematics

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5
Q

when was the Ottoman Empire first established?

A

late 13th century
Osman Ghazi established the dynastic house of the Ottomans in north-western Anatolia

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6
Q

when and how did the Ottomans secure control of the balkans?

A

1389
victory in the battle of Kosovo

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7
Q

what was the Ottoman capital/ when was it established?

A

1453
the conquest of Constantinople, renamed Istanbul

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8
Q

how far did the Ottoman Empire stretch by the 16th century?

A

from Mesopotamia in the Middle East, across North Africa, and into south-eastern Europe

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9
Q

name 4 significant inventions from imperial china

A

printing press
paper
gunpowder
the compass

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10
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

1348-1644
empires could call on an army of 1 million troops

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11
Q

How significant/influential was imperial china?

A

-the Chinese navy dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world
-15th century Chinese voyages of discovery in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian archipelago
-Nanjing and Peking were larger than any European cities

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12
Q

When and why did the European ‘age of discovery’ begin?

A

15th century
mastery of sailing ships
allowed Europeans to become traders,explorers,colonisers, and build empires

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13
Q

who led the European age of discovery?

A

Spain and portugal

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14
Q

significant European discovery in the 16th-17th century

A

colonisation of the Americas

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15
Q

How did the European age of discovery change in the 17th century?

A

protestant, north-western European nations emerged as maritime powers
The dutch and the English now rivalled Spain and France

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16
Q

when were the industrial revolutions?

A

1600-1800

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17
Q

what was the significance of the industrial of revolution?

A
  • fundementally changed household and consumer behaviour, and production
    -changes to lifestyle
    -underpinned most of the new European wealth
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18
Q

what, other than the Industrial Revolution, contributed to new European wealth?

A

the slave trade

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19
Q

what was the slave trade?

A

-a triangular trading system
-europeans exported goods to Africa
-enslaved africans were shipped across the Atlantic & sold for sugar, tobacco and cotton

20
Q

who contributed most to the slave trade?

A

Britain and Portugal
they accounted for 70% of the slave trade

21
Q

how many slaves did Britain transport?

A

estimated 3.1 million between 1640-1807

22
Q

when did Britain abolish the slave trade?

A

1807?

23
Q

what were the financial consequences of abolishing the slave trade?

A

-the government had to compensate slave owners
-40% of government expenditure, the modern equivalent of £17bn
-costs still being payed in 2015

24
Q

evidence of the lasting impact of the slave trade

A

UCL’s Legacies of British slave-ownership projects estimates that between 10-20% of Britains wealthy can be identified as having links to slavery

25
Q

when did the European industries take off?

A

1750
capitalism became the dominant economic organisation in europe as a result?

26
Q

what is capitalism?

A

an economic system in which trades and industries (means of production) are operated for profit by a property-owning class employing paid workers

27
Q

consequences of a new age of industrial capitalism in Europe

A

-radial transformation of industry, agriculture and finance
-new social, political and cultural identities emerge
-marxism and the development of class/labour politics

28
Q

Why did a global economy grow as a result of industrial capitalism?

A

-economic integration/new communication technologies
-consumerism and capitalism fostered international trade and investment
- capitalist systems are more interdependent
-new institutions to manage trade/finance- e.g. city of london

29
Q

what were the pillars of the 19th century liberal economy?

A

-free trade
-gold standard

30
Q

Why did Lenin argue that imperialism was the “highest stage of capitalism?

A

because it was the result of searching overseas of resources/ markets and a destination for surplus capital.

31
Q

3 ways to explain 19th century imperialism

A

-strategic factors: imperial expansion a product of great power rivalries
-religious/cultural/racial: “la mission civilastrice”
-technological advances- the headrick thesis

32
Q

how did colonialism in Africa differ between 1870 and 1914?

A

-few European colonies in Africa before 1870
-by 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia free of European imperial control

33
Q

Where in Africa did the British have control?

A

Egypt
Sudan
Ghana
Nigeria
Kenya
Rhodesia
South Africa

34
Q

where in Africa did the French have control?

A

vast areas of north,west,central africa

35
Q

where did Belgium have control in Africa?

A

the congo

36
Q

where where Portuguese colonies in Africa?

A

west/south-east Africa

37
Q

where in Africa did Germany have control?

A

east and west africa

38
Q

when did Italy seize Libya?

A

1912

39
Q

When did the Japanese expand into China?

A

1894-1895
-Japan defeated china
-won territorial gains in Korea,Taiwan and the Liaodong peninsula

40
Q

who challenged Japanese expansion in China?

A

France
Russia
Germany

41
Q

When did European powers gain control in China?

A

1897-99- wave of Chinese concessions to europe
-they gained control of ports, therefore trade

42
Q

European gains in China 1897-99

A

-Germany seized Kiachow
-Russia gained Port Arthur
-France got territories in southern China
-Britain acquired Kowloon (Hong Kong) and Wei-Hai-Wei

43
Q

USA’s role in the scramble for china

A

in 1899, they called for an ‘open door’
- free access to Chinese markets for US trade

44
Q

how much of the earths surface was occupied by European empires by WW1?

A

84%

45
Q

how much did the British empire expand in a few decades?

A

By 4 million square miles

46
Q

by how much did other European empires expand?

A

france: 3.5 million m2
Germany: 1 million
Belgium and Italy: just under 1 mil
Portugal: 300’000

47
Q

how did imperial expansion expose European weaknesses?

A

-Ethiopia defeated Italy in 1896
-USA defeated Spain in 1898
-Japan defeated Russia in 1905

Making of the Modern World (12 decks)

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