18:Globalization and the post-Cold War world order

Question 1

The end of the Cold War

Answer 1

-1989-91: fall of the Berlin Wall, free elections in Eastern Europe, collapse of the Soviet Union
- no academic consensus as to why or when it ended

Question 2

Russia in the 1990s: Boris Yeltsin

Answer 2

-he sought partnership with the west at the cost of domestic criticism from nationalists who accused him of betraying Russian interests
-liberal economic reforms and reckless privatisation programme caused an economic crash/decline in living standards that contrasted with the rise of the wealthy oligarch class

Question 3

Russia in the 1990s: Vladimir Putin

Answer 3

-ex-KGB nationalist
-adopted more authoritarian domestic policies
-brought economic assets back under state control

Question 4

US power at the end of the Cold War

Answer 4

-the collapse of the Soviet Union coincided with the display of military power/technological superiority in the 1991 Gulf War
-it dwarfed rivals in military technology and economic power

Question 5

when did the term of globalization emerge?

Answer 5

1990s
as a way of defining international relations

Question 6

German reunification

Answer 6

-28 November 1989: 10-point program for
cooperation between the 2 German states
-18 May 1990: treaty on monetary, economic and
social union
-31 August 1990: treaty of German reunification
(Germany was officially unified on 3 October)

Question 7

why did the reunited Germany maintain membership of organisations like NATO?

Answer 7

it was considered an enlarged continuation of the Federal Republic (west Germany )

Question 8

Describe the process of European integration since 1945

Answer 8

-Creation of a Franco-German alliance and a
European economic community in the 1950s
-British membership of the EEC in 1973
-1992 Maastricht Treaty created the European
Union (EU) and a single European currency
-2004-2007 enlargement; EU expanded eastwards

Question 9

21st challenges to European integration

Answer 9

-economic problems
-foreign policy
-migration
-nationalist populism
-euroscepticism
-Brexit

Question 10

Global economy in the 1990s

Answer 10

-1990s marked an extended period of US economic growth and prosperity
-metamorphosis of GATT into a permanent organization, the WTO
-pressure in developing economies to accept liberal reforms and open up to international investment

Question 11

economic/financial crises in the 1990s

Answer 11

1995: Mexico
1997: Asia
1998: Russia
1999: Argentina

Question 12

Asia’s rising powers

Answer 12

-Japan had the second largest economy in the world by the 1970s
-China and India: globalisation produced rapid levels of economic growth and development
-4 asian “tiger economies” (Hong Kong,
Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan)

Question 13

Asian regionalism and economic integration

Answer 13

10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN): 7th largest economy in the world as a
single entity

Question 14

evidence of an age of liberal optimism after the Cold War

Answer 14

1993-2001: Israeli-Palestine peace process
1994: democratic elections in South Africa/ end of apartheid
1993: World Conference on Human rights attended by 171 nations and 800 NGOs

Question 15

number of democracies in 1942

Answer 15

11

Question 16

change in the number of democracies in the world between 1970s-1990s

Answer 16

120
-representing over half the world’s population

Question 17

explain the anthropological concept of culture

Answer 17

the beliefs and
values that characterize a society or civilization

Question 18

why is it argued that there was a growth of a global culture?

Answer 18

-The arts and popular culture (painting, music,
literature, theatre, cinema, television)
-Multi-national media corporations: global
entertainment and news
-Technological and economic forces: the emergence of a global culture of consumerism

Question 19

why was globalisation feared culturally?

Answer 19

seen as ‘cultural imperialism”
-some aimed to preserve the cultural differences and national/regional identities

Question 20

what is the arguement of ‘globalisation or fragmentation’?

Answer 20

-Revival of ethnic nationalisms after the Cold War
-Fragmentation that occurs as processes of
economic and political integration provoke
nationalistic reactions

Question 21

explain the ‘north-south’ divide

Answer 21

-The Global North is home to all the members of the G7 and to 4 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council
-North has 25% world population but 90% of
manufacturing industries and 80% global income
-Inequality created security challenges in the form of migration, refugees and political violence

Question 22

explain the Anti-globalisation left

Answer 22

• attacked the institutions of Neo-liberal capitalism
  -1999 “battle of Seattle”;mass demonstrations against
  the World Trade Organization/protest and social movements focusing on
  issues like global inequality, poverty, and climate change

Question 23

Explain the anti-globalisation right

Answer 23

-sees the economic and political agenda as an attack on the integrity of the nation-state
-aslso takes form in antisemitic conspiracies about the promotion of immigration & creation of authoritarian one-world government

Question 24

examples of ethnic and intra-state warfare

Answer 24

-1991-2001: break-up of Yugoslavia: war, ethnic cleansing
and genocide in Europe
-Civil War in Somalia from 1991
-1998: start of Second Congo War which has been estimated to have led to 6 million deaths

Question 25

Rwandan genocide

Answer 25

-April-May 1994
-800’000 Tutsis (11% of the population) were slaughtered by Hutu extremists
-Clintons failure to respond to the genocide was in part due to the US retreat from Somalia
after the deaths of 18 US Army Rangers on 3-4 October 1993

Question 26

Samuel P. Huntington 1993

Answer 26

-published a famous article in Foreign Affairs which argued that the world was divided up
into distinct civilizations defined by conflicting and perhaps irreconcilable values systems (often based on religion)
-Huntington identified Islam to be especially dangerous because of its alleged propensity to violence

Question 27

9/11

Answer 27

11 September 2001: Al Qaeda, a global militant Islamist
organization led by Osama bin Laden launched
coordinated attacks on the World Trade Centre and the
Pentagon (2,996 dead including the 19 hijackers)

Question 28

US Response to 9/11

Answer 28

George W. Bush’s US administration initiated a “global war on terrorism” that led to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 Iraq War