18:Globalization and the post-Cold War world order Flashcards
The end of the Cold War
-1989-91: fall of the Berlin Wall, free elections in Eastern Europe, collapse of the Soviet Union
- no academic consensus as to why or when it ended
Russia in the 1990s: Boris Yeltsin
-he sought partnership with the west at the cost of domestic criticism from nationalists who accused him of betraying Russian interests
-liberal economic reforms and reckless privatisation programme caused an economic crash/decline in living standards that contrasted with the rise of the wealthy oligarch class
Russia in the 1990s: Vladimir Putin
-ex-KGB nationalist
-adopted more authoritarian domestic policies
-brought economic assets back under state control
US power at the end of the Cold War
-the collapse of the Soviet Union coincided with the display of military power/technological superiority in the 1991 Gulf War
-it dwarfed rivals in military technology and economic power
when did the term of globalization emerge?
1990s
as a way of defining international relations
German reunification
-28 November 1989: 10-point program for
cooperation between the 2 German states
-18 May 1990: treaty on monetary, economic and
social union
-31 August 1990: treaty of German reunification
(Germany was officially unified on 3 October)
why did the reunited Germany maintain membership of organisations like NATO?
it was considered an enlarged continuation of the Federal Republic (west Germany )
Describe the process of European integration since 1945
-Creation of a Franco-German alliance and a
European economic community in the 1950s
-British membership of the EEC in 1973
-1992 Maastricht Treaty created the European
Union (EU) and a single European currency
-2004-2007 enlargement; EU expanded eastwards
21st challenges to European integration
-economic problems
-foreign policy
-migration
-nationalist populism
-euroscepticism
-Brexit
Global economy in the 1990s
-1990s marked an extended period of US economic growth and prosperity
-metamorphosis of GATT into a permanent organization, the WTO
-pressure in developing economies to accept liberal reforms and open up to international investment
economic/financial crises in the 1990s
1995: Mexico
1997: Asia
1998: Russia
1999: Argentina
Asia’s rising powers
-Japan had the second largest economy in the world by the 1970s
-China and India: globalisation produced rapid levels of economic growth and development
-4 asian “tiger economies” (Hong Kong,
Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan)
Asian regionalism and economic integration
10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN): 7th largest economy in the world as a
single entity
evidence of an age of liberal optimism after the Cold War
1993-2001: Israeli-Palestine peace process
1994: democratic elections in South Africa/ end of apartheid
1993: World Conference on Human rights attended by 171 nations and 800 NGOs
number of democracies in 1942
11
change in the number of democracies in the world between 1970s-1990s
120
-representing over half the world’s population
explain the anthropological concept of culture
the beliefs and
values that characterize a society or civilization
why is it argued that there was a growth of a global culture?
-The arts and popular culture (painting, music,
literature, theatre, cinema, television)
-Multi-national media corporations: global
entertainment and news
-Technological and economic forces: the emergence of a global culture of consumerism
why was globalisation feared culturally?
seen as ‘cultural imperialism”
-some aimed to preserve the cultural differences and national/regional identities
what is the arguement of ‘globalisation or fragmentation’?
-Revival of ethnic nationalisms after the Cold War
-Fragmentation that occurs as processes of
economic and political integration provoke
nationalistic reactions
explain the ‘north-south’ divide
-The Global North is home to all the members of the G7 and to 4 of the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council
-North has 25% world population but 90% of
manufacturing industries and 80% global income
-Inequality created security challenges in the form of migration, refugees and political violence
explain the Anti-globalisation left
- attacked the institutions of Neo-liberal capitalism
-1999 “battle of Seattle”;mass demonstrations against
the World Trade Organization/protest and social movements focusing on
issues like global inequality, poverty, and climate change
Explain the anti-globalisation right
-sees the economic and political agenda as an attack on the integrity of the nation-state
-aslso takes form in antisemitic conspiracies about the promotion of immigration & creation of authoritarian one-world government
examples of ethnic and intra-state warfare
-1991-2001: break-up of Yugoslavia: war, ethnic cleansing
and genocide in Europe
-Civil War in Somalia from 1991
-1998: start of Second Congo War which has been estimated to have led to 6 million deaths
Rwandan genocide
-April-May 1994
-800’000 Tutsis (11% of the population) were slaughtered by Hutu extremists
-Clintons failure to respond to the genocide was in part due to the US retreat from Somalia
after the deaths of 18 US Army Rangers on 3-4 October 1993
Samuel P. Huntington 1993
-published a famous article in Foreign Affairs which argued that the world was divided up
into distinct civilizations defined by conflicting and perhaps irreconcilable values systems (often based on religion)
-Huntington identified Islam to be especially dangerous because of its alleged propensity to violence
9/11
11 September 2001: Al Qaeda, a global militant Islamist
organization led by Osama bin Laden launched
coordinated attacks on the World Trade Centre and the
Pentagon (2,996 dead including the 19 hijackers)
US Response to 9/11
George W. Bush’s US administration initiated a “global war on terrorism” that led to the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 Iraq War
