8-3 Drug Administration Flashcards
Barbiturates
MOA: Depress the sensory cortex
Use: Sedative/seizure
Ex: Phenobarbital
Anxiety Drugs
MOA: CNS Depression Benzo: GABA receptor (Short term) Non Benzo: dopamine and serotonin (long term) Use: Anxiety Ex: Diazapam (benzo-lam/pam) Buspirone hydrochloride (non benzo)
Antidepressants
MOA: TCA, MAOI, SSRI, SNRI, SRI, Dopamine/Norepi
Use: Depressive symptoms, Anxiety(class dependent), OCD, Smoking cessation
**do not mix MAOI and SSRI*
Ex: Steraline
Bupropion
Antipsychotic
MOA: Block dopamine receptors, alpha-adrenergic blockade
Use: Acute and chronic psychosis
Ex: Haloperidol
Adverse: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Tardive dyskinesia, Parkinson like symptoms
CNS Stimulants
MOA: CNS Stimulant
Use: Narcolepsy and ADHD
Ex: Dextroamphetamine
Anticonvulsants
MOA: Reduction of excitability of the neurons
Use: treat/control seizure
Break seizure - Diazepam
Prevent Seizure - Phenytoin
Anti-emetic
MOA: Chemoreceptor trigger zone to inhibit nausea
Use: Nausea and Vomiting
Ex: Ondansetron
Antivertigo
Benzodiazepines
Diphenhydramine
Anesthetic
MOA: Local-inhibiting transport of ions across neural membranes
Ketamine - dissociated
Use: Loss of sensation
Example: Lidocaine
Analgesics
Salicylate - Dilates peripheral blood vessels - aspirin
Non-salicylate - Tylenol
nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) - COX - Ibuprofen, Meloxicam
Narcotic Analgesics
Use: Short term management of moderate to severe pain
Ex: Morphine sulfate, Codeine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone
Narcotic Antagonist
MOA: blocks the receptor
Use: Overdose
Ex: Naloxone
Antihistamine
MOA: suppress the histamine induced wheal response (swelling) and flare response (vasodilation)
Use: H1 - antihistamine are used to treat allergic reactions in the nose
H2 - antihistamines bind to histamine 2 receptors in the upper gastrointestinal tract
Decongestant
MOA: Stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors
Use: Common cold, hay fever or upper respiratory allergies, sinus congestion and pressure
Ex: Pseudoephedrine
Beta 2 Agonist
MOA: Relaxation (dilation) of bronchioles
Use: Reversible airway Obstruction
ex: Albuterol sulfate
Muscarinic antagonists
MOA: Bronchodilation
Use: Bronchial asthma
Corticosteroids
MOA: suppressing inflammation
Use: Chronic management of reversible airway disease
yeast infection
Ex: Budesonide
Antitussives
MOA: Central acting - depress cough center
-Peripheral acting - anesthetize stretch receptors
Ex: Codeine Sulfate
Dextromethorphan
Diphenhydramine
Mucolytic and Expectorants
MOA: Mucolytic - loosens respiratory secretions Expectorant ; Raise mucus from respiratory system Use: Mucolytic - Bronchopulmonary diseases Expectorant - Common cold Acetylcysteine Guaifenesin
Antiarrhythmics
Use : Treat cardiac arrhythmias
Nitrates
MOA: Relaxing effect on smooth muscle of blood vessels
Use: angina pectoris
Ex: nitroglycerin
ACE inhibitors
MOA: Dilating or increasing the size of the arterial blood vessels
Use: Hypertension
End with - pril
Calcium Channel Blocker
MOA:
Dihydropyridines: Dilators - Dipine
Non-dihydropyridines: Heart
Beta Blocker
MOA: Block beta 1 or Beta 2
Ends: olol
Diuretics
Use: Hypertension, glaucoma, swelling
Carbonic, loop, Osmotic, Potassium sparing
Ex: Furosemide
Antacids
MOA: Neutralize or reduce acidity of the stomach and duodenal contents
Use: Heartburn, Sour stomach, indegestion, peptic ulcer
Ex: Magnesium Hydroxide, Calcium Carbonate
Histamine H2 Antagonist
MOA: H2 receptor cells of the stomach
Use: Ulcers and reflux
End in - dine
Hyperlipidemia
Use: Reduction of blood lipids
Simvastatin
Cholestyramine
Fenofibrate
Antidiarrheal
MOA: Decrease intestinal peristalsis
Use: Diarrhea
Abdominal pain of unknown origin
Ex: Loperamide
Antiflatulents
MOA: Prevents the formation of mucus-surrounded gas pockets
Use: excess gas
Ex: Simethicone
Laxities
Bulk producing - adds bulk and water - Psyllium
Emollient - Lubricate - Mineral oil
Fecal Softeners - Promote water retention - docusate sodium
Hyperosmolar - dehydrate local tissue - Glycerine
Irritant o Stimulant - Irritates - Bisacodyl
Saline - attract or pull water - Magnesium Citrate
Protein Pump Inhibitors (PPI)
MOA: Suppress gastric acid secretion
Use: Heartburn, ulcers, reflux
Ends with -zole
Insulin
MOA: Stimulates Peripheral glucose uptake
Use: control type 1 or 2
Oral Antidiabetics
-Sulfonylureas - lower blood glucose
-Biguanides - reduce hepatic glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity
-Glucosidase inhibitors - lower blood sugar by delaying digestion
-Meglitinides - Stimulates release of insulin
-Thiazolidinediones - decrease insulin resistance
ALL type 2
Sulfonamides
MOA: Primarily bacteriostatic Uses: Urinary tract infections, E.Coli, Staph, MRSA *hematologic changes* Ex: Silver Sulfadiazine -Trimethoprim
Thyroid
MOA: increase metabolic rate.
Use: replacement therapy for hypothyroid
**Thyrotoxicosis*
Ex: Levothyroxine
Male hormones
MOA: Aid in the maintenance of secondary sex characteristics like: facial hair, deep voice etc.
Use: Replacement Therapy, breast cancer
gynoclamastia, testicular atrophy, inhibition of testicular function
Ex: Methyltestosterone
Contraceptive
MOA: -Estrogens-secreted by ovarian follicle -Progestin-secreted by corpus luteum, by placenta and adrenal cortex. Use: Prevent pregnancy Ex: Drospirenone (Yasmine)
Emergency Contraceptive
-Single dose - one 1.5 mg tablet ASAP or within 72 hours of unprotected sex.
Two Dose - one .75 mg tablet within 72 hours of unprotected sex; second dose of .75 mg 12 hours after first dose.
Define aerobic:
Requires oxygen to live
Define anaerobic:
Able to live without oxygen
Define Antibacterial:
Active against bacteria
Define Bacterial resistance:
ability of bacteria to produce substances that inactivate or destroy the impact of the drug
Define bactericidal:
Drugs that kill bacteria
Define bacteriostatic:
Drugs that slow or retard the multiplication of bacteria
Define cross sensitivity:
Allergy to drugs in the same or related group
Define broad spectrum:
Drugs effective against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria
Define superinfection:
An overgrowth of bacteria or fungal microorganisms not affected by the antibiotic being used for treatment
The effectiveness of individual antibiotics depends on what factors?
- Location of infection
- ability of antibiotic to reach infection
- Ability of bacteria to resist antibiotic
Penicillin
MOA: Prevent bacteria from using a substance that is necessary for maintenance of the bacteria's outer wall Use: Bacterial infections Ex: PEN VK Amoxicillin Amoxicillin/clavulanate
Cephalosporines
MOA: Affect bacterial wall, making it unstable. Similar to PCN
Use: Strep, Staph
** Gastrointestinal disturbance*
Ex: Keflex, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone
Tetracyclines
MOA: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Use: Rickettsia, soft tissue damage, acne, malaria, chlamydial
Gastro, Photosensitivity
Ex: Doxycycline
Macrolides
MOA: Bind to cell membrane and cause changes in protein synthesis Use: Skin infections, Chlamydia * GI upset* Ex: Azithromycin ends in mycin
Fluoroquinolones
MOA: Interfere with bacteria DNA Use: Skin infection, Lower respiratory, STD *tendonitis, tendon rupture, CNS damage* Ex: Ciprofloxacin Ends in floxacin
Aminoglycosides
MOA: Block a step in protein synthesis necessary for multiplication
Use: Gram negative, Bacterial meningitis
Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Neurotoxicity
Ex: Gentamicin
Carbapenems
MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to several of the PCN binding proteins, which in turn inhibits the final step in cell wall synthesis.
Use: Severe drug resistant organisms
C.Diff
Ex: Ertapenem
Amebicide, Antiprotozoal, Nitroimidazole
MOA: Inhibit protein synthesis and cell death
Use: Anaerobic infection, Gyno infection Intra abdominal
Ex: Metronidazole (flagyl)
Lincosamide
MOA: Disrupts protein synthesis and causes changes in cell wall surface.
use: MRSA, animal bite
GI issues, metallic taste
Ex: Clindamycin
Antivirals
MOA: Inhibit viral replication
Uses: Herpes, HIV, Influenza
Ex: Vancyclovir (valtrex), Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Antifungals
MOA: Fungicidal and Fungistatic Use: Skin, GI Ex: Ketoconazole -Fluconazole -Terbinafine
Muscle Relaxers
MOA: not clearly understood
Use: Acute painful musculoskeletal conditions
Drowsiness
Ex: Cyclobenzaprine, Methocarbamol
Muscle Relaxers
MOA: not clearly understood
Use: Acute painful musculoskeletal conditions
Drowsiness
Ex: Cyclobenzaprine, Methocarbamol
Corticosteroids
MOA: Hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex made from crystalline steroid alcohol cholesterol
use: Arthritis, Bursitis
can shut off pituitary release of hormones
Ex: Prednisone
Antimigraine
MOA: Acts on intercranial blood vessels and sensory nerves of trigeminal system; vasoconstriction
Use: Migraines
Peripheral vascular disease, HTN
Ex: Rizatriptan (maxalt), Sumatriptan (imitrex)
Scabicide
MOA: Inhibits sodium ion influx through the nerve cell membrane channels in parasites
Use: Head lice, Scabies
Ex: Permethrin
Topical Anti-infectives are?
- Antibiotics
- Anti-fungal
- Antiviral
Define antibiotic:
Exert a direct local effect on specific microorganism ;can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Define anti-fungal:
Exert direct local effect by inhibiting growth of the fungi
Define antiviral
Inhibit viral replication
Antiseptics and Germicides
MOA: Not well understood
Use: reduce the bacteria on the skins surface
Ex: Chlorhexidine Gluconate (Hibiclens), Providone-iodine (Betadine)
Topical Corticosteroids
MOA: Localized anti-inflammatory activity
Use: Psoriasis, dermatitis, eczema
Ex: Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone
Keratolytic
MOA: removes excess growth of the epidermis in disorders like warts
Use: remove warts, calluses, corns
Ex: Salicylic acid gel 17%
