7B Flashcards
Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
-creating concepts/ thinking
Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
- metal grouping
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories.
- matching new item to other I.e feather creature to bird like a robin
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
- contrasts with use of heuristics
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error probe than algorithms.
-simple thinking strategy
Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
-novel realization
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
-produce valuable ideas.
Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
Search info that support out idea
Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
-unable to see problem from different perspective.
Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
-approach a problem based on experience
Functional fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
-Think in terms of usual function.
Representative heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
-judge based on stereotypes
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of vividness), we presume such events are common.
-Estimating likelihood based on amount I memory.
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.
-more confident than correct
Belief perseverance
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
-clinging to initial belief
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
- immediate feeling or thought
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
- way issue is posed
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
-spoken words to communicate
Phoneme
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
-smallest sound unit.
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word.
-prefix
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
-System of rules in language
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
-study of meaning
Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
-combining words
Babbling stage
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
-babies babbling