7A

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The processing of information into the memory system.

-extracting meaning

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The retention of encoded information over time.

-storing info

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

• retrieving memories

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

• recording to-be-remembered info.

Question 6

Shot term memory

Answer 6

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly.

-seven digits of a phone number before storing or forgetting info.

Question 7

Long-Term memory

Answer 7

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences.
-Stored for the long run.

Question 8

Working memory

Answer 8

A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses in conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial info., and of info retrieved from long-term memory.
-use of new and old memory to solve problems.

Question 9

Parallel processing

Answer 9

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

-doing many things at once

Question 10

Automatic processing

Answer 10

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of we’ll learned information, such as word meanings.

-unconscious encoding

Question 11

Effortful processing

Answer 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

-effort to remember

Question 12

Rehersal

Answer 12

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

-Conscious rehearsal to learn

Question 13

Spacing effect

Answer 13

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
-learn in time

Question 14

Serial position effect

Answer 14

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

-remember things positioned first and last better.

Question 15

Visual encoding

Answer 15

The encoding of picture items.

-visualization to remember

Question 16

Acoustic encoding

Answer 16

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

-remembering through sound

Question 17

Semantic encoding

Answer 17

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning if words.

-remembering through meaning

Question 18

Imagery

Answer 18

Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effort full processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

-using mental pictures to remember.

Question 19

Mnemonics

Answer 19

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

-thing to help you remember things better.

Question 20

Chunking

Answer 20

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

• organizing items into familiar units.

Question 21

Iconic memory

Answer 21

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tents of a second.

-picture image lasting a few seconds

Question 22

Echoic Memory

Answer 22

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

-being able to know what the teacher said even if you we’re thinking of something else.

Question 23

Long-term potentiation

Answer 23

An increased in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.

-Neural basis for learning and memory

Question 24

Flashbulb memory

Answer 24

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

-Significant memory

Question 25

Amnesia

Answer 25

The loss of memory

-memory loss

Question 26

Implicit memory

Answer 26

Retention independent of conscious recollection. Nondeclarative/procedural memory.

-motor skills

Question 27

Explicit memory

Answer 27

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”

-Implicitly knowing how to do something (declarative memory)

Question 28

Hippocampus

Answer 28

A neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

-process explicit memory for storage

Question 29

Recall

Answer 29

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.

• fill-in-the-blank test

Question 30

Recognition

Answer 30

A measure eof memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.

• multiple choice test

Question 31

Relearning

Answer 31

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

• learning again

Question 32

Priming

Answer 32

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

-association i.e. hare and rabbit

Question 33

Déjà vu

Answer 33

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

• Feeling that you’ve this before

Question 34

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 34

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

• memory of event based on current mood

Question 35

Proactive interference

Answer 35

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

-what you learn disrupts what you recall

Question 36

Retroactive interference

Answer 36

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

-new info. Making it hard to recall old info learned.

Question 37

Repression

Answer 37

Is psychoanalytic theory, the basis defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

• The repression of painful memories

Question 38

Misinformation effect

Answer 38

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event.

-I.e. eyewitness report of seeing broken glass where there was no broken glass

Question 39

Source amnesia

Answer 39

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

• (source missattribution) heart of many false memories

Question 39

Memory

Answer 39

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

-storing and retrieving information. Remembering.