7A Flashcards
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system.
-extracting meaning
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time.
-storing info
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
- retrieving memories
Sensory memory
The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
- recording to-be-remembered info.
Shot term memory
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly.
-seven digits of a phone number before storing or forgetting info.
Long-Term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences.
-Stored for the long run.
Working memory
A newer understanding of short term memory that focuses in conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial info., and of info retrieved from long-term memory.
-use of new and old memory to solve problems.
Parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
-doing many things at once
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of we’ll learned information, such as word meanings.
-unconscious encoding
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
-effort to remember
Rehersal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
-Conscious rehearsal to learn
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
-learn in time
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
-remember things positioned first and last better.
Visual encoding
The encoding of picture items.
-visualization to remember
Acoustic encoding
The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
-remembering through sound
Semantic encoding
The encoding of meaning, including the meaning if words.
-remembering through meaning
Imagery
Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effort full processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.
-using mental pictures to remember.
Mnemonics
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
-thing to help you remember things better.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
- organizing items into familiar units.
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tents of a second.
-picture image lasting a few seconds
Echoic Memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
-being able to know what the teacher said even if you we’re thinking of something else.
Long-term potentiation
An increased in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
-Neural basis for learning and memory
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
-Significant memory
Amnesia
The loss of memory
-memory loss
