7b

Question 0

erik erikson: crisis #1-as infants

Answer 0

trust vs. mistrust

-whether we form close attachments as babies impacts our ability to form close relationships as adults

Question 1

according to erik erikson, what is life like?

Answer 1

life is like an obstacle course

• in order to achieve happiness and sucess people must overcome a series of challenges
• the challenges are in 8 stages in life, each of them has a crisis that needs to be solved.

Question 2

erik erikson: crisis#2- as toddlers

Answer 2

autonomy vs. shame/doubt
- whether we develop independence from our caregivers with confidence, determines how independent we will be able to be as adults

Question 3

erik erikson: crisis #3-as a preschooler

Answer 3

initiative vs. guilt
-whether people get a balence between their mental and physical skills, and are able to control inappropriate behaviour determines wether their talents are expressed or hidden

Question 4

erik erikson: crisis #4- school age kids

Answer 4

competence/industry vs. inferiority
- becoming sucessful as an adult depends on the achievement of critical intellectual (reading etc.) and social skills (sharing, standing up for oneself etc.) as a child

Question 5

erik erikson: crisis #5- as adolescents

Answer 5

identity vs. role confusion
-whether you find out who you are and who you want to be determines whether you are happy and productive as an adult ( the identity crisis)

Question 6

erik erikson: crisis #6- young adults

Answer 6

intimacy vs. isolation
-whether you commit to relationships, and create good friendships determines whether your adult life will be socially and romantically fulfilling

Question 7

erik erikson: crisis #7- middle age

Answer 7

generativety vs. self absorption
-will you succeed in life, by keeping yourself busy, and enjoying things, and living life, despite the passing youth, or will you become bitter and selfish

Question 8

erik erikson: crisis#8- in old age

Answer 8

ego integrity vs. despair

-will you fear death, and regret life, or can you accept death and feel ok about life

Question 9

what can be said about erikson’s “crisis”s

Answer 9

they are a good list of life’s challenges, but people don’t necessarily meet these challenges in this order

Question 10

the significance of life transitions: and some socially-defined life transitions

Answer 10

in part, one’s own live is evaluated relative to one’s peers.
-license, grad, university, marriage, kids, homeowner, grandkids, etc.

Question 11

the significance of life transitions: marriage

Answer 11

a few decades ago people married at about 18, now its more like 25, if at all.

Question 12

the significance of life transitions: middle age

Answer 12

• the mid life crisis, or the empty nest syndrome-for most, 35-65 are the happiest and most productive people
• menopause- uncomfortable physical symptoms, but emotionalle, 97% of women view menopause positively or dont care

Question 13

old age: mental functions that decline with age

Answer 13

formal reasoning
perception speed
memory
fluid intelligence (ability to solve problems, and get more knowledge)
etc.

Question 14

old age: mental functions that don’t decline

Answer 14

verbal ability
math
crystallized intelligence (knowledge and skills that were previously acquired)

Question 15

how people think, in relation to how developed they are

Answer 15

the way that people’s minds work sometimes depends on their age

Question 16

jean piaget (1896-1980)

Answer 16

the ability to have more complex and abstract thought increases when children have more experiences, these changes can be seen as stages of development

Question 17

stages of development: learning about the world, and progression through the stages.

Answer 17

occurs in 2 processes: assimilation and accommodation

• assimilation: fitting new experiences into what you already know about the world (cognitive schemas)
• accommodation: altering your understanding of the world (cognitive schemas) in order to make it consistent with new experiences

Question 18

stages of development: Stage 1

Answer 18

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)

• the motor reflexes are tied to babies’ thought (there is a coordination of sensory input and motor responses)
• they learn by what effect their movements have on the environment
• babies think that if they cant sense something it doesnt exist for them

Question 19

stages of development: stage 1- major accomplishment of this stage

Answer 19

this is the sensorimotor stage from birth to age 2

• major accomplishment is object permanence
• this is when (at about 6 months) the child will search for an object if they want it, so that indicates that they can now not only know of things that they are sensing, but also represent the object without experiencing it directly

Question 20

stages of development: stage 2

Answer 20

pre-operational stage (2-7)

• tend to focus on one aspect of situations and neglect other ones
• they understand irreversibility
• there is an increase of the ability to reason symbolically, this means that the child can pretend things
• in this stage children still cant perform mental operations involved in reasoning with steps of logic ( so many-step math problems)
• kids are egocentric in this stage and cant see things from another person’s point of view
• they dont understand the conservation of matter ( the idea that the amount changes if the physical shape does)

Question 21

stages of development: stage 3

Answer 21

concrete operations stage (7-12)

• thought processes are tied to concrete experiences, without capacity for abstract thought (they need to be able to link things to personal experience)
• they get an understanding of classifying things in order of rank
• they develop understanding of conservation of matter
• they can perform mental operations (mulit-step math probs)

Question 22

stages of development: stage 4

Answer 22

formal operations stage (12- adult)

• can do abstract reasoning (so they can imagine things that they may not have experienced)
• they can do logical systematic thinking

Question 23

problems with piaget’s approach (5)

Answer 23

1. cognitive abilities do not develop in discrete stages- it depends on the circumstances
2. cognitive abilities progress faster than piaget thought- kids learn the things sooner than she says
3. egocentrism emerges earlier than she thought- 4yr olds talk to 2yr olds differnt than they talk to adults, they also know that other people have different feelings and beliefs
4. cognitive development depends on education and culture, not just progression through the stages-language and culture effects it
5. some people never develop the capacity for abstract thought that is a charactaristic of the formal operations stage

Question 24

morality and development: according to jean piaget

Question 25

morality and development: lawrence kohlberg (1964)

Answer 25

while children progress through stages of cognitive development, they are also progressing through stages of moral development, moral stages

Question 26

moral stages: preconventional morality (stage 1-2)

Answer 26

birth to 11

• children lack the awareness of other’s feelings
• think that the right thing is whatever feels good (hedonistic)

stage 1-punishment orientation: right and wrong are determined by what is punished

stage 2- naive reward orientation: right and wrong are determined by whats rewarded

Question 27

moral stages: conventional morality (stages 2-4)

Answer 27

ages 11-12

• develop empathy: things are wrong if they harm others
• develop loyalty

stage 3-good boy orientation: right and wrong are determined by other’s approval or dissaproval

stage 4-authority orientation: right and wrong aredetermined by society’s rules and laws which should be obeyed rigidly

Question 28

moral stages: postconventional morality (stage 5-6)

Answer 28

this is some adults

stage 5-social contract orientation: right and wrong are determined by society’s rules, which are viewed as falliable rather than absolute

stage 6- individual principles and conscience orientation: right and wrong are determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice

Question 29

problems with kohlberg’s stages

Answer 29

• moral reasoning is different than moral behaviour
• people at every age apply morality differently to different situations
• culture effects a person’s moral reasoning
• are people in an actual moral stage, or do they just have a good vocabulary

Question 30

what more is there to morality than moral reasoning?

Answer 30

people may reason well, but they also have moral emotions such as shame and empathy, this is often how people tell what’s right and what’s wrong

Question 31

threats to the internalization of morality: parenting through “power assertion”

Answer 31

involves controlling a child’s behaviour solely with threats, physical punishment, taking away privileges, etc.

Question 32

threats to the internalization of morality: consequences of sole reliance on “power assertion”

Answer 32

1. higher tendency for children to be physically aggressive
2. low appreciation or concern for other’s feelings
3. failure to internalize moral standards

Question 33

aids to internalization of morality: parenting through “induction”

Answer 33

involves controlling a child’s behaviour to appealing to children’s desire to be helpful and please their parents

Question 34

aids to internalization of morality: with inductive discipline punishments and admonishments are…

Answer 34

1. contingent on bad behaviour
2. comes with why what they are doing is bad, and how it is affecting others
3. communicated with a sense of concerned guidance for the child, rather than being mean