7a Flashcards
socialization
the way that socio-cultural environment teaches kids what to do and what not to do in different social situations, it is a learned aspect of development, this can be supported by or interfered with by the individual’s genes
maturation
human thought and behaviour is heavily influenced by genetically-controlled process of development
the germinal stage
0-2 weeks after conception
- the sperm is in pursuit of the ovum
- the ovum (zygote) is fertilized
- the zygote divides and makes many cells (blastocyst)
blastocyst
this is the group of cells that is created after the zygote is formed
- the outer part forms the placenta and the umbilical cord
- the inner part becomes the embryo
from conception to birth: the embryonic stage
2-8 weeks after conception
- the embryo is implanted into the wall of the uterus
- at about 4-8 weeks if there is a secretion of testosterone then it is a male, otherwise a female
from conception to birth: the fetal stage
8-~38weeks
- most brain development occurs during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy
- the placenta may not block all threats to embryonic development, some threats are smoking, alcohol, drugs, radiation, german measles.
the newborn:motor reflexes
- this helps infants learn about the environment
- grasping at things that are placed in their hands
- turning their mouth for food,
- other reflexes
the newborn: sensory abilities
- this helps infants learn about the environment
- they know that mom and dad are different than everyone else
- they learn from witnessing the consequences of their behaviour
do newborns like social interaction?
yes, they prefer faces to other sensory information, they also like to smile and please their caregivers
what does attachment provide for an infant?
a source of biological need for nourishment and protection
-a safe base to explore and learn about the world
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how was it realized that infants need attachment?
there was some research done on behaviour in animals to achieve contact comfort, and the consequence of not receiving it
attachment: harlow and harlow (1966)
- raised a baby monkey with two artificial mothers, one was made of wire, and the other of cloth
- they wondered if infants only formed attachments for food
- the monkeys took food from the wire mother, but didnt seek comfort there when they were afraid
- the monkeys used the cloth mother for both food and comfort
attachment: stranger and separation anxiety
attachment to caregiver’s is reflected in a child’s distress about the presence of a stranger (6-8m) and the caregiver’s absnece (until 2,5-3yr)
measuring attachment: the strange situation
created by mary ainsworth 1973
the caregiver goes into a room with the child and then a stranger comes in, then the caregiver leaves and returns, then the stranger leaves and returns, then the caregiver leaves for 3 minutes. the way that the child reacts shows the type of attachment to the caregiver
attachment types based on the strange situation: secure attachment
briefly upset that the caregiver leaves, but happy and playful when the caregiver returns
attachment types based on the strange situation: anxious- ambivalent attachment
protests aggressively when the caregiver leaves and alternatively solicits and rejects contact when the caregiver returns
attachment types based on the strange situation: avoidant attachment
no reaction when the caregiver leaves and barely acknowledges caregiver’s return.
what is not to blame for insecure attachment?
the caregiver not being constantly sensetive to and responding to the childs needs
-it is no more likely in children that are left alone for a few hours at a time, or children that are left in the care of others for a large amount of time
what IS to blame for insecure attachment?
- more likely when the caregiver is abusive, neglectful, or erratic
- it can occur temporarily when there is family stress
- can also be caused by temperment of the child (more so if the child cries a lot)
adolescence
- it is a developmental stage (culturally and biologically)
- begins with puberty
- ends when the person is expected to fulfill adult responsibilities
the onset of adolesence
in boys- there is an increase in androgens which is signalled by the pituitary gland
in girls- the pituitary gland signals that there is an increase of estrogens
this initiates many changes including secondary sex characteristics
when does adolescence begin?
for girls the age is declining due to diet and an increase of body fat (north america and europe is 12.5-13, and africa is 14-17)
males are usually about 2 years behind the females
what is the consequence of early onset puberty in boys?
physically larger and older looking
-greater tendancy to smoke and drink, use drugs, and be involved in criminal activity
what is the consequence of early onset puberty in girls?
- greater tendency to have conflict with parents
- greater tendency to drop out of school, and suffer depression and low self esteem
some reasons for concern (not fear) about teenagers:
- fight with parents
- moody and depressed
- reckless and risky
- this can usually be attributed to the teenager’s perceived need to secure a place in their peer group
erikson’s crisis of identity vs. role confusion
attempts to decide about how to act and what kind of person to be explains much of teenage behaviour
-so does a shift in social focus (peer aproval as opposed to parent approval)
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many north americans must find balance between: ( and the outcomes of that )
- loyalty to ethnic group or
- integrating with western culture
- the outcomes are usually
- becoming bicultural
- 2.choose to assimilate
- ethnically seperate from the larger culture
- be marginalized (not possessing any cultural identity)
