7a

Question 0

socialization

Answer 0

the way that socio-cultural environment teaches kids what to do and what not to do in different social situations, it is a learned aspect of development, this can be supported by or interfered with by the individual’s genes

Question 1

maturation

Answer 1

human thought and behaviour is heavily influenced by genetically-controlled process of development

Question 2

the germinal stage

Answer 2

0-2 weeks after conception

• the sperm is in pursuit of the ovum
• the ovum (zygote) is fertilized
• the zygote divides and makes many cells (blastocyst)

Question 3

blastocyst

Answer 3

this is the group of cells that is created after the zygote is formed

• the outer part forms the placenta and the umbilical cord
• the inner part becomes the embryo

Question 4

from conception to birth: the embryonic stage

Answer 4

2-8 weeks after conception

• the embryo is implanted into the wall of the uterus
• at about 4-8 weeks if there is a secretion of testosterone then it is a male, otherwise a female

Question 5

from conception to birth: the fetal stage

Answer 5

8-~38weeks

• most brain development occurs during the last 12 weeks of pregnancy
• the placenta may not block all threats to embryonic development, some threats are smoking, alcohol, drugs, radiation, german measles.

Question 6

the newborn:motor reflexes

Answer 6

• this helps infants learn about the environment
• grasping at things that are placed in their hands
• turning their mouth for food,
• other reflexes

Question 7

the newborn: sensory abilities

Answer 7

• this helps infants learn about the environment
• they know that mom and dad are different than everyone else
• they learn from witnessing the consequences of their behaviour

Question 8

do newborns like social interaction?

Answer 8

yes, they prefer faces to other sensory information, they also like to smile and please their caregivers

Question 9

what does attachment provide for an infant?

Answer 9

a source of biological need for nourishment and protection
-a safe base to explore and learn about the world
-

Question 10

how was it realized that infants need attachment?

Answer 10

there was some research done on behaviour in animals to achieve contact comfort, and the consequence of not receiving it

Question 11

attachment: harlow and harlow (1966)

Answer 11

• raised a baby monkey with two artificial mothers, one was made of wire, and the other of cloth
• they wondered if infants only formed attachments for food
• the monkeys took food from the wire mother, but didnt seek comfort there when they were afraid
• the monkeys used the cloth mother for both food and comfort

Question 12

attachment: stranger and separation anxiety

Answer 12

attachment to caregiver’s is reflected in a child’s distress about the presence of a stranger (6-8m) and the caregiver’s absnece (until 2,5-3yr)

Question 13

measuring attachment: the strange situation

Answer 13

created by mary ainsworth 1973
the caregiver goes into a room with the child and then a stranger comes in, then the caregiver leaves and returns, then the stranger leaves and returns, then the caregiver leaves for 3 minutes. the way that the child reacts shows the type of attachment to the caregiver

Question 14

attachment types based on the strange situation: secure attachment

Answer 14

briefly upset that the caregiver leaves, but happy and playful when the caregiver returns

Question 15

attachment types based on the strange situation: anxious- ambivalent attachment

Answer 15

protests aggressively when the caregiver leaves and alternatively solicits and rejects contact when the caregiver returns

Question 16

attachment types based on the strange situation: avoidant attachment

Answer 16

no reaction when the caregiver leaves and barely acknowledges caregiver’s return.

Question 17

what is not to blame for insecure attachment?

Answer 17

the caregiver not being constantly sensetive to and responding to the childs needs
-it is no more likely in children that are left alone for a few hours at a time, or children that are left in the care of others for a large amount of time

Question 18

what IS to blame for insecure attachment?

Answer 18

• more likely when the caregiver is abusive, neglectful, or erratic
• it can occur temporarily when there is family stress
• can also be caused by temperment of the child (more so if the child cries a lot)

Question 19

adolescence

Answer 19

• it is a developmental stage (culturally and biologically)
• begins with puberty
• ends when the person is expected to fulfill adult responsibilities

Question 20

the onset of adolesence

Answer 20

in boys- there is an increase in androgens which is signalled by the pituitary gland

in girls- the pituitary gland signals that there is an increase of estrogens

this initiates many changes including secondary sex characteristics

Question 21

when does adolescence begin?

Answer 21

for girls the age is declining due to diet and an increase of body fat (north america and europe is 12.5-13, and africa is 14-17)
males are usually about 2 years behind the females

Question 22

what is the consequence of early onset puberty in boys?

Answer 22

physically larger and older looking

-greater tendancy to smoke and drink, use drugs, and be involved in criminal activity

Question 23

what is the consequence of early onset puberty in girls?

Answer 23

• greater tendency to have conflict with parents

- greater tendency to drop out of school, and suffer depression and low self esteem

Question 24

some reasons for concern (not fear) about teenagers:

Answer 24

• fight with parents
• moody and depressed
• reckless and risky
• this can usually be attributed to the teenager’s perceived need to secure a place in their peer group

Question 25

erikson’s crisis of identity vs. role confusion

Answer 25

attempts to decide about how to act and what kind of person to be explains much of teenage behaviour
-so does a shift in social focus (peer aproval as opposed to parent approval)
-

Question 26

many north americans must find balance between: ( and the outcomes of that )

Answer 26

1. loyalty to ethnic group or
2. integrating with western culture

• the outcomes are usually
• 1. becoming bicultural
• 2.choose to assimilate
• 3. ethnically seperate from the larger culture
• 4. be marginalized (not possessing any cultural identity)