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Y1 - Microbio Exam 3 > 7_Herpes Virus > Flashcards

7_Herpes Virus Flashcards

1
Q

HHV strain and common name

A

HHV-7: Orphan virus

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2
Q

herpesvirus:

structure and & of viruses

A
  • double strand DNA genome, eveloped virus w/ viral proteins
  • over 120 viruses in this family
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3
Q

how are herpes viruses transmitted?

why?

A

Must be transmitted by close contact (resp/ sexually transmitted)

BECAUSE IT HAS AN ENVELOPE –> Unstable in the environment

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4
Q

what is the hallmark of a herpesvirus infection?

A
  • establishment of lifelong, latent infxn;
  • viral gene products that promote productive replication are not made
  • cells harboring latent genome are poorly recognized by the immune system
  • viral genome remains in tact
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5
Q

name and describe the diff’t patterns of infection

A
  • Acute
  • Perisistent - Smoldering
  • Persistent - Latent
  • Persistent - Slow
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6
Q

does reactivation of the infxn always correspond to symptoms?

A

no, there can be recurrence of virulence w/o infection;

some pts are asymptomatic

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7
Q

virus,

and corresponding primary infxn, site of latency, recurrent infxn, and route of transmission

A
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8
Q

HSV-1 and HSV-2

prevalence and common sxs;

latency?

recurrence?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus

HSV-1: COLD SORES; carried by 54% of US population

  • latent in trigeminal ganglion
  • recurs on lower lips/face

HSV-2: GENITAL HERPES; carried by 16% of the US population

  • latent in sacral ganglion
  • recurs in genital area
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9
Q

How does HSV-1 and HSV-2 affect the following sites in the body?

A
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10
Q

how is Herpes simplex virus transmitted?

A
  • respiratory droplets
  • contact
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11
Q

what triggers can cause reactivation of HSV infection from latency?

A
  • trauma/ stress
  • fever
  • sunlight
  • hormonal changes
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12
Q

4 key diseases caused by HSV-1

A
  • herpes labialis (fever blister or cold sore)
    • crops of vesicles, usually around lip; recurrence often appears at same site
  • keratoconjunctivitis (corneal ulcers/lesions of the conjunctival epithelium)
    • recurrences –> scarring or blindness
  • herpes gladiatorum (rash w/ clusters of sometimes painful, fluid-filled blisters, often on neck, chest, face, stomach, legs)
    • transmitted by skin-skin contact; *one of most infectious herpes-caused disease
  • encephalitis (necrotic lesion of 1 temporal lobe)
    • sxs: fever, HA, vomiting, seizure –>severe neurologic sequelae in survivors OR high mortality rate
    • can be primary infxn or recurrent
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13
Q

What is one of the most infectious herpes-caused disease? Why?

A

Herpes Gladiatorum;

transmitted by skin-skin contact; *one of most infectious herpes-caused disease

characterized by rash w/ clusters of sometimes painful fluid-filled blisters

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14
Q

how is HSV-2 transmitted?

What is the process of infxn?

A
  • transmission: sexual contact
  • very commonly reactivated and asymptomatic
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15
Q

Two main diseases caused by HSV-2,

what characterizes these?

A
  • Genital herpes (painful lesions of M/F genital and anal areas)
    • Primary disease (assoc. w/ fever &inguinal adneopathy) is more severe than recurrences
    • Most infxns are asymptomatic
  • Neonatal herpes (milder local lesions of skin/eye/mouth –> severe disseminated lesions/ encephalitis)
    • transmitted by contact w/ vesicular lesions w/in birth canal
    • prevented by C-section (if mom has active lesion or positive viral cultures)
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16
Q

Which strain can cause severe neonatal infection acquired after birth?

A

Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause severe neonatal infxn that are acquired after birth from carriers handling the child

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17
Q

Herpesvirus:

diagnosis and treatment

A
  • Dx: laboratory diagnosis required
    • isolation of virus from lesions by growth in cell culture –>
    • ELISA allows distinction b/w HSV-1 and HSV-2
    • PCR assay to detect HSV DNA
  • Tx:
    • No vaccine
    • Antiviral drugs: Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovier
18
Q

Acyclovir:

how does this work?

A

acts as a purine nucleoside analog –> to inhibit viral DNA synthesis

19
Q

Herpesvirus - Varicella Zoster virus

nomenclature,

diseases that result

A
  • alphaherpesvirus: HHV-3, VZV
  • diseases caused:
    • Chicken pox
    • Shingles
20
Q

Varicella-zoster virus:

  1. epidemiology,
  2. at risk,
  3. prevention
A
  1. epidemiology
    • ubiquitous
    • no seasonal incidence
  2. risk factors
    • children (5-9 y/o)
    • teenagers/adults (more severe disease, possibly pneumonia)
    • immunocompromised & neonates (fatal pneumonia, encephalitis, disseminated varicella)
    • elderly immunocompromised (recurrent zoster)
  3. Live vaccine (Oka strain)
21
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus:

manifestations/sxs

A
  • Varicella (chickenpox)
    • vesicles on an erythematous base, caused by varicella-zoster virus
  • Shingles:
    • vesicles along dermatome of thoracic nerve caused by varicella-zoster virus
22
Q

Varicella-zoster:

transmission

A
  • respiratory droplet
  • contact
23
Q

during which stages does Chickenpox manifest from the VZV virus?

A
  • Primary viremia
24
Q

during which phases does Shingles affect a patient?

A

Occurs during reactivation by ONE DERMATOME;

usually would only infect a patient once bc it would increase the immune response

25
Q

name the different vaccines for Varicella-Zoster virus for the different age groups

A
  • Varivax (12 mo & older)
  • ProQuad (combined live-attenuated MMR-V, for children 1-12 yrs)
  • Zostavax (herpes zoster vaccine approves for 50 y/o and older)
26
Q

Epstein-barr virus:

nomenclature

diseases caused

A
  • gammaherpesviruses: HHV-4, EBV
  • disease:
    • infectious mononucleosis
    • assoc. w/ variety of lymphomas
27
Q

Epstein-barr virus:

epidemiology;

patients at risk

A
  • epidemiology:
    • ubiquitous, no seasonal influence
    • 90-95% of population WW is infected w/ EBV
  • pts at risk:
    • children (asymptomatic or mild)
    • teens (infectious mononucleosis)
    • immunocompromised (neoplastic disease)
    • malaria (Burkitt’s lymphoma)
28
Q

Epstein-barr virus:

transmission,

symptoms

A
  • transmission:
    • saliva (shared items, e.g. cup/toothbrush)
    • blood
    • semen
  • sxs: (if sxs from EBV, usually resolve in 2-4 weeks)
    • fever
    • fatigue
    • inflamed throat, swollen lymph in neck
    • enlarged spleen
    • swollen liver
    • rash
29
Q

what kinds of cancers can result from EBV virus in immunocompromised patients?

A
  • lymphomas in immunosupressed patients (lymphoma: cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system)
  • burkitt’s lymphoma
  • nasopharyngeal carcinoma
30
Q

Epstein barr virus:

diagnosis and tx

A
  • challenging to dx due to similar sxs to other illnesses
  • Laboratory tests
    • VCA - viral capsid antigen
    • EA - early antigen
    • EBNA - EBV nuclear antigen
    • Monospot test
  • No vaccines nor antiviral drugs
31
Q

Cytomegalovirus:

nomenclature

diseases caused

A
  • betaherpesviruses: HHV-5, CMV
  • diseases
    • congenital defects
    • opportunistic in immunocompromised patients
32
Q

Cytomegalovirus:

epidemiology,

at risk populations

A
  • epidemiology:
    • ubiquitous, no seasonal incidence
    • 50-80% of adults in USA are infected w/ CMV by time they are 40 y/o –> once infected, stays in the system for the rest of the life and can hide from immune system
  • at risk populations (most healthy children/adults are asymptomatic and may not know they’re infected)
    • babies whose mothers became infected during pregnancy
    • immunocompromised (recurrent disease)
    • sexual activity
    • blood/transplant recipients
    • burn victims
33
Q

Cytomegalovirus:

transmission and sxs

A
  • transmission:
    • blood
    • tissue
    • body secretions (incl. breast milk & tears)
    • CMV can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus during pregnancy
  • symptoms:
34
Q

In which patients can CMV cause severe disease?

what sxs does it cause?

A

Immunocompromised patients, such as:

  • organ and bone marrow transplant recipients
  • cancer patients
  • pts receiving immunosuppressive drugs
  • HIV patients

Sxs:

  • fever
  • pneumonia
  • diarrhea
  • ulcers in digestive tract –> possibly causing bleeding
  • hepatitis
  • inflammation of the brain (encephalitis)
  • visual impairment & blindness
35
Q

congenital CMV infection:

  1. define
  2. sxs at birth
  3. sxs - permanent
  4. epidemiology
A
  1. serious disease in babies affected by CMV before birth –> congenital CMV infxn
  2. sxs present at birth:
    • premature birth
    • jaundice (yellow skin/eyes)
    • liver, lung, spleen problems
    • small size at birth,
    • small head size at birth
    • seizure
  3. permanent sxs due to congenital CMV
    • hearing and vision loss
    • mental disability
    • lack of coordination
    • seizure
  4. 30-50% of childbearing-aged women have CMV –> affects 1-150 infants at birth –> 20% of which have permanent disabilities
36
Q

cytomegalovirus:

  • diagnosis in adults
  • diagnosis in infants
  • CMV testing
  • treatment
A
  • dx:
    • CMV primary infxn - usually asymptomatic
    • Primary CMV can be suspected in pts:
      • w/ sxs of mononucleosis but negative EBV test
      • w/ signs of hepatitis but negative HepA, B, and C
  • dx in infants:
    • presence of CMV infection in infants in urine, saliva, blood, or other tissue
    • w/in 2-3 wks of birth
  • CMV testing:
    • serological test (IgM and IgG for CMV) - ELISA
    • PCR for CMV DNA from urine, saliva, throat swab specimens or other tissues
    • viral culture of CMV from urine, saliva, throat swab speciments, or other body tissues
  • tx: antiviral tx for pts w/ depressed immunity who have sight-related or life-threatening illnesses due to CMV infxn
37
Q

HHV-6

  1. nomenclature,
  2. disease caused / sxs
  3. epidemiology
A
  1. betaherpesviruses: HHV-6,
    1. two variants: HHV-6A, HHV-6B
  2. Roseola
  3. 90% of children are infected by age 2 (mostly HHV-6B)
    • ubiquitous, no seasonal incidence
    • Infants, young children, & immunocompromised individuals are at risk
38
Q

HHV-6

  • transmission,
  • sxs
A
  • transmission: saliva
  • sxs
    • eye redness
    • irritability
    • runny nose
    • sore throat
    • high fever (3-7 days)
    • rash (pink or rose)
39
Q

HHV-6

diagnosis and tx

A
  • dx: serological test (IgM and IgG for HHV-6)
  • tx
    • no vaccines
    • no formal tx: some use antiviral drugs (acyclovir, ganciclovir)
40
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma related virus:

  • nomenclature,
  • diseases caused
  • epidemiology and at risk populations
A
  • gammaherpesviruses: HHV-8, KSHV
  • disease:
    • Kaposi’s sarcoma
    • Rare B-cell lymphoma
  • epidemiology: 2-4% north europe, south asia; most in sub-saharan african countries (40%)
    • at risk: immuocompromised pts

Y1 - Microbio Exam 3 (13 decks)

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