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Y1 - Microbio Exam 3 > 7_Herpes Virus > Flashcards

7_Herpes Virus Flashcards

1
Q

HHV strain and common name

A

HHV-7: Orphan virus

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2
Q

herpesvirus:

structure and & of viruses

A
  • double strand DNA genome, eveloped virus w/ viral proteins
  • over 120 viruses in this family
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3
Q

how are herpes viruses transmitted?

why?

A

Must be transmitted by close contact (resp/ sexually transmitted)

BECAUSE IT HAS AN ENVELOPE –> Unstable in the environment

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4
Q

what is the hallmark of a herpesvirus infection?

A
  • establishment of lifelong, latent infxn;
  • viral gene products that promote productive replication are not made
  • cells harboring latent genome are poorly recognized by the immune system
  • viral genome remains in tact
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5
Q

name and describe the diff’t patterns of infection

A
  • Acute
  • Perisistent - Smoldering
  • Persistent - Latent
  • Persistent - Slow
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6
Q

does reactivation of the infxn always correspond to symptoms?

A

no, there can be recurrence of virulence w/o infection;

some pts are asymptomatic

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7
Q

virus,

and corresponding primary infxn, site of latency, recurrent infxn, and route of transmission

A
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8
Q

HSV-1 and HSV-2

prevalence and common sxs;

latency?

recurrence?

A

Herpes Simplex Virus

HSV-1: COLD SORES; carried by 54% of US population

  • latent in trigeminal ganglion
  • recurs on lower lips/face

HSV-2: GENITAL HERPES; carried by 16% of the US population

  • latent in sacral ganglion
  • recurs in genital area
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9
Q

How does HSV-1 and HSV-2 affect the following sites in the body?

A
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10
Q

how is Herpes simplex virus transmitted?

A
  • respiratory droplets
  • contact
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11
Q

what triggers can cause reactivation of HSV infection from latency?

A
  • trauma/ stress
  • fever
  • sunlight
  • hormonal changes
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12
Q

4 key diseases caused by HSV-1

A
  • herpes labialis (fever blister or cold sore)
    • crops of vesicles, usually around lip; recurrence often appears at same site
  • keratoconjunctivitis (corneal ulcers/lesions of the conjunctival epithelium)
    • recurrences –> scarring or blindness
  • herpes gladiatorum (rash w/ clusters of sometimes painful, fluid-filled blisters, often on neck, chest, face, stomach, legs)
    • transmitted by skin-skin contact; *one of most infectious herpes-caused disease
  • encephalitis (necrotic lesion of 1 temporal lobe)
    • sxs: fever, HA, vomiting, seizure –>severe neurologic sequelae in survivors OR high mortality rate
    • can be primary infxn or recurrent
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13
Q

What is one of the most infectious herpes-caused disease? Why?

A

Herpes Gladiatorum;

transmitted by skin-skin contact; *one of most infectious herpes-caused disease

characterized by rash w/ clusters of sometimes painful fluid-filled blisters

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14
Q

how is HSV-2 transmitted?

What is the process of infxn?

A
  • transmission: sexual contact
  • very commonly reactivated and asymptomatic
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15
Q

Two main diseases caused by HSV-2,

what characterizes these?

A
  • Genital herpes (painful lesions of M/F genital and anal areas)
    • Primary disease (assoc. w/ fever &inguinal adneopathy) is more severe than recurrences
    • Most infxns are asymptomatic
  • Neonatal herpes (milder local lesions of skin/eye/mouth –> severe disseminated lesions/ encephalitis)
    • transmitted by contact w/ vesicular lesions w/in birth canal
    • prevented by C-section (if mom has active lesion or positive viral cultures)
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16
Q

Which strain can cause severe neonatal infection acquired after birth?

A

Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause severe neonatal infxn that are acquired after birth from carriers handling the child

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17
Q

Herpesvirus:

diagnosis and treatment

A
  • Dx: laboratory diagnosis required
    • isolation of virus from lesions by growth in cell culture –>
    • ELISA allows distinction b/w HSV-1 and HSV-2
    • PCR assay to detect HSV DNA
  • Tx:
    • No vaccine
    • Antiviral drugs: Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovier
18
Q

Acyclovir:

how does this work?

A

acts as a purine nucleoside analog –> to inhibit viral DNA synthesis

19
Q

Herpesvirus - Varicella Zoster virus

nomenclature,

diseases that result

A
  • alphaherpesvirus: HHV-3, VZV
  • diseases caused:
    • Chicken pox
    • Shingles
20
Q

Varicella-zoster virus:

  1. epidemiology,
  2. at risk,
  3. prevention
A
  1. epidemiology
    • ubiquitous
    • no seasonal incidence
  2. risk factors
    • children (5-9 y/o)
    • teenagers/adults (more severe disease, possibly pneumonia)
    • immunocompromised & neonates (fatal pneumonia, encephalitis, disseminated varicella)
    • elderly immunocompromised (recurrent zoster)
  3. Live vaccine (Oka strain)
21
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus:

manifestations/sxs

A
  • Varicella (chickenpox)
    • vesicles on an erythematous base, caused by varicella-zoster virus
  • Shingles:
    • vesicles along dermatome of thoracic nerve caused by varicella-zoster virus
22
Q

Varicella-zoster:

transmission

A
  • respiratory droplet
  • contact
23
Q

during which stages does Chickenpox manifest from the VZV virus?

A
  • Primary viremia
24
Q

during which phases does Shingles affect a patient?

A

Occurs during reactivation by ONE DERMATOME;

usually would only infect a patient once bc it would increase the immune response

25
name the different vaccines for Varicella-Zoster virus for the different age groups
* Varivax (12 mo & older) * ProQuad (combined live-attenuated MMR-V, for children 1-12 yrs) * Zostavax (herpes zoster vaccine approves for 50 y/o and older)
26
**Epstein-barr virus:** nomenclature diseases caused
* gammaherpesviruses: **HHV-4, EBV** * disease: * **infectious mononucleosis** * **assoc. w/ variety of lymphomas**
27
**Epstein-barr virus:** epidemiology; patients at risk
* epidemiology: * ubiquitous, no seasonal influence * 90-95% of population WW is infected w/ EBV * pts at risk: * children (asymptomatic or mild) * teens (infectious mononucleosis) * immunocompromised (neoplastic disease) * malaria (Burkitt's lymphoma)
28
**Epstein-barr virus:** transmission, symptoms
* transmission: * saliva (shared items, e.g. cup/toothbrush) * blood * semen * sxs: (if sxs from EBV, usually resolve in 2-4 weeks) * fever * fatigue * inflamed throat, swollen lymph in neck * enlarged spleen * swollen liver * rash
29
what kinds of cancers can result from EBV virus in immunocompromised patients?
* lymphomas in immunosupressed patients (lymphoma: cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system) * burkitt's lymphoma * nasopharyngeal carcinoma
30
**Epstein barr virus:** diagnosis and tx
* challenging to dx due to similar sxs to other illnesses * **Laboratory tests** * VCA - *viral capsid antigen* * EA - *early antigen* * EBNA - *EBV nuclear antigen* * Monospot test * No vaccines nor antiviral drugs
31
**Cytomegalovirus:** nomenclature diseases caused
* betaherpesviruses: **HHV-5, CMV** * diseases * **congenital defects** * **opportunistic in immunocompromised patients**
32
**Cytomegalovirus:** epidemiology, at risk populations
* epidemiology: * ubiquitous, no seasonal incidence * 50-80% of adults in USA are infected w/ CMV by time they are 40 y/o --\> once infected, stays in the system for the rest of the life and can hide from immune system * at risk populations (*most healthy children/adults are asymptomatic and may not know they're infected)* * **babies whose mothers became infected during pregnancy** * **immunocompromised (recurrent disease)** * sexual activity * blood/transplant recipients * burn victims
33
**Cytomegalovirus**: transmission and sxs
* transmission: * blood * tissue * body secretions (incl. breast milk & tears) * CMV can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus during pregnancy * symptoms:
34
In which patients can CMV cause severe disease? what sxs does it cause?
Immunocompromised patients, such as: * organ and bone marrow transplant recipients * cancer patients * pts receiving immunosuppressive drugs * HIV patients Sxs: * fever * pneumonia * diarrhea * ulcers in digestive tract --\> possibly causing bleeding * hepatitis * inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) * visual impairment & blindness
35
**congenital CMV infection:** 1. define 2. sxs at birth 3. sxs - permanent 4. epidemiology
1. serious disease in babies affected by CMV before birth --\> congenital CMV infxn 2. sxs present at birth: * premature birth * jaundice (yellow skin/eyes) * liver, lung, spleen problems * small size at birth, * small head size at birth * seizure 3. permanent sxs due to congenital CMV * hearing and vision loss * mental disability * lack of coordination * seizure 4. 30-50% of childbearing-aged women have CMV --\> affects 1-150 infants at birth --\> 20% of which have permanent disabilities
36
**cytomegalovirus:** * diagnosis in adults * diagnosis in infants * CMV testing * treatment
* dx: * CMV primary infxn - usually asymptomatic * Primary CMV can be suspected in pts: * w/ sxs of mononucleosis but negative EBV test * w/ signs of hepatitis but negative HepA, B, and C * dx in infants: * presence of CMV infection in infants in **urine, saliva, blood, or other tissue** * **w/in 2-3 wks of birth** * CMV testing: * serological test (IgM and IgG for CMV) - ELISA * PCR for CMV DNA from urine, saliva, throat swab specimens or other tissues * viral culture of CMV from urine, saliva, throat swab speciments, or other body tissues * tx: **antiviral tx for pts w/ depressed immunity who have sight-related or life-threatening illnesses due to CMV infxn**
37
**HHV-6** 1. nomenclature, 2. disease caused / sxs 3. epidemiology
1. betaherpesviruses: **HHV-6,** 1. two variants: **HHV-6A, HHV-6B** 2. **Roseola** 3. 90% of children are infected by age 2 (mostly HHV-6B) * ubiquitous, no seasonal incidence * Infants, young children, & immunocompromised individuals are at risk
38
**HHV-6** * transmission, * sxs
* transmission: **saliva** * sxs * eye redness * irritability * runny nose * sore throat * high fever (3-7 days) * rash (pink or rose)
39
**HHV-6** diagnosis and tx
* dx: **serological test (IgM and IgG for HHV-6)** * tx * no vaccines * no formal tx: some use antiviral drugs (acyclovir, ganciclovir)
40
**Kaposi's sarcoma related virus:** * nomenclature, * diseases caused * epidemiology and at risk populations
* gammaherpesviruses: **HHV-8, KSHV** * disease: * Kaposi's sarcoma * Rare B-cell lymphoma * epidemiology: 2-4% north europe, south asia; most in sub-saharan african countries (40%) * at risk: **immuocompromised pts**

Y1 - Microbio Exam 3 (13 decks)

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