2_Protozoa 2

Question 1

what are the different blood and tissue flagellates?

Answer 1

• trypanosoma species
  
  • american trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)
  • african trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
• leishmania species
  
  • cutaneous leishmaniasis
  • visceral leishmaniasis
  • mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Question 2

Trypomastigotes:

characteristics

Answer 2

• flagellate
• single central nucleus
• single flagellum originating at the kinetoplast and joined to the body by an undulating membrane

Question 3

life cycle/ keep steps for trypanosoma gambiense

Answer 3

• chancre
• post cervical nodes
• perivascular cuffing

Question 4

Chagas disease:

1. other names,
2. etiological agent
3. epidemiology

Answer 4

• also called American trypanosomiasis
• etiological agent: trypanosoma cruzi
• epidemiology: central and south america; rare cases in TX, CA, MD
  
  • 10 Million peope affected, 50 M at risk

Question 5

Life cycle of:

Trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 5

Question 6

3 stages of Chagas disease

Answer 6

1. Primary lesion: w/in few hours of bite;
   
   • Chagoma on site of bite (usually face, cheek, or lips)
   • Romana’s sign on eyelid
2. Acute stage: 7-14 days after infxn
   
   • Intracellular infxns: nerve and smooth muscle cells
   • Sxs: Restlessness, sleeplessness, malaise, inc. exhaustion, chills, fever, bone/musc. pains
3. Chronic stage: asymptomatic remission periods/relapses
   
   • Cardiac arrhythmia, abnormal fxn of hollow organs, particularly of heart, esophagus, colon
   • megaesophagus & megacolon

Question 7

Chagoma:

define

Answer 7

sl raised, flat, non-purulent erythematous plaque surrounded by variable area of hard edema

Question 8

which stage of Chagas disease is characterised by:

megaesophagus & megacolon

Answer 8

Chronic stage

Question 9

how do poor housing conditions lead to:

Chagas disease?

Answer 9

• substandard living conditions in the Shanty towns that spring up around the outskirts of cities expose inhabitants to wide variety of diseases
• Low-cost materials such as mud and wood, provide dwelling places for the triatomine bugs
• Insecticidal fumes to help control triatomine bugs

Question 10

life cycle of:

Leishmaniasis

Answer 10

Two forms

1. Insect stage Promastigotes
   
   • spindle shaped
   • single flagella
2. Mammalian Stage Promastigotes
   
   • oval, no flagella
   • intracellular/ macrophage