7.3 moral development and social development

Question 1

preconventional level of moral reasoning

Answer 1

The first level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and looking out for your own welfare and needs.

Question 2

conventional level of moral reasoning

Answer 2

the second level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on social rules and laws.

Question 3

postconventional level of moral reasoning

Answer 3

The last level of reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on self-chosen universal ethical principles (with human rights taking precedence over laws) and the avoidance of self-condemnation for violating such principles.

Question 4

attachment

Answer 4

the lifelong emotional bond between infants and their mothers or other caregivers, formed during the first 6 months of life.

Question 5

insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 5

The type of attachment indicated by the infant exploring with little interest in the mother in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, showing only minimal distress when the mother leaves, and avoiding her when she returns.

Question 6

secure attachment

Answer 6

The type of attachment indicated by the infant exploring freely in the presence of the mother in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, displaying distress when the mother leaves, and responding enthusiastically when she returns.

Question 6

insecure-ambivalent attachment

Answer 6

The type of attachment indicated by the infant not exploring but seeking closeness to the mother in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, showing high levels of distress when the mother leaves, and ambivalent behavior when she returns—by alternately clinging to and pushing away from her.

Question 7

insecure-disorganized (disoriented) attachment

Answer 7

The type of attachment indicated by the infant’s confusion when the mother leaves and returns in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure. The infant acts disoriented, seems overwhelmed by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping with it.

Question 8

temperament

Answer 8

The set of innate tendencies or dispositions that lead a person to behave in certain ways.

Question 9

authoritarian parenting

Answer 9

A style of parenting in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children’s desires, and communicate poorly with their children.

Question 10

authoritative parenting

Answer 10

A style of parenting in which the parents are demanding, but set rational limits for their children and communicate well with their children.

Question 11

permissive parenting

Answer 11

A style of parenting in which the parents make few demands and are overly responsive to their children’s desires, letting their children do pretty much as they please.

Question 13

uninvolved parenting

Answer 13

A style of parenting in which the parents minimize both the time they spend with their children and their emotional involvement with them, and provide for their children’s basic needs but little else.

Question 14

theory of mind

Answer 14

the understanding of the mental and emotional states of both ourselves and others.